Martyrdom and September 11th :: Martyr Islam Muslim 9/11 9-11 Terrorism Terrorist

On September the eleventh 2001, the international crisis of terrorism exploded inAmerica. The dark cloud that loomed over lower Manhattan eventually modify butthe reality of the American entrance into the battlefield of terror didnt dissipate.When President Bush addressed his stunned and grieving nation, he declared acrusade on terrorists and all who harbored them, and when his remarks weretranslated into Arabic for broadcast throughout the Middle East, the word crusadewas rendered as war of the cross (Carrol 5). This religious upholdence rang dependable tothose terrorists who had attacked the World Trade Center all were members ofOsama Bin Ladens terrorist network Al Qaeda. The group is a militant Islamistorganization that believes those who commit acts like those of September 11th aremartyrs, welcomed into eternal paradise.The phenomenon of martyrdom is not exclusive to Islam. By definition, a martyr isone who voluntarily suffers death rather than deny his religion by words or d eedssuch action is afforded special, institutionalized recognition in most major religionsof the worldthe term may also refer to anyone who sacrifices his life orsomething of great value for the sake of principle (Britannica). The word is derivedfrom the Greek word for witness. Throughout the ages, willingness to die for anoble cause has been a persistent idea. In three of the worlds major religions-Judaism, Christianity and Islam, martyrdom has played a significant role.In Judaism, the concept of martyrdom is referred to as Kiddush Hashem which mode sanctification of Gods name. This definition includes refusal to renounce theword of God for reasons of convenience or to save ones life. According to Judaicbeliefs, Abraham, the first Hebrew patriarch, was thrown into a furnace fordenouncing idolatry. Though he was saved by God, his brush with death made himthe first martyr of the Jewish faith. During medieval times, Jews were persecutedby Christians throughout Europe, and were frequen tly mystify to death for crimes suchas blood libel and host desecration1. Many Jews were forced to flee Spain duringthe Inquisition to avoid being unjustly persecuted under the sanctimoniousness of similaroffenses. These martyrs were usually burned at the stake. In the 1940s Hitlersystematically slayed over six million Jews during the reign of the Third Reich.These are just a few examples of martyrs of Judaism.In early Christianity, all believers were considered martyrs. Later, this distinctionwas reserved for those who refused to renounce their faith and suffered as aresult, whether they were injured or killed. Eventually, only those who were killedfor their beliefs were considered martyrs.

Red Sorghum :: essays research papers

release SorghumClaire Huot Chinas New Cultural SceneThe fool away Red Sorghum was one of the most popular Fifth Generation films in China and Abroad. As an adolescent American kid, probably the average, I got to see a new perspective of China through this class. I wanted to compare the Wests interpretation with Chinas. One of the first things I did was compare Chinese cinema to well k straight offn American cinema. Zhang Yimous first film as director, Red Sorghum was immensely popular at home and abroad. The film follows a popular novel with its point of view an off-stage, present-day male narrator whose own life is ancient and minute compared to the family he was grateful to cause been associated with. Compared to a classic American Movie this is actu all toldy much the similar. The movie I am talking about is Legends of the fall. In almost the exact same way this movie was made. An older Indian gentleman begins to tell the story he lived. He grew up in a great family, with gr eat traditions. whence he narrates the tale of a family and its struggles through love, war, bitterness, and bad times. Its starts with that voice, on a blank screen I will tell you the story of my grandpa and grandma In LOTF an older Indian man starts telling the story of Tristans stormy birth We then see the hero at a very young age, fighting a bear. In Red Sorghum instead of the expected old granny, we see a beautiful, twenty-something woman who, looks very attractive. When Nine arrives at the distillery and rallies all the men together to work, its comparable to the first time Susanna arrives at the ranch. Run by mostly men, she has some women, but the men all look at her with admiration. Right away Tristan is taken to her. When she is out riding and lassoing the cow, is like Nine rounding up the Sorghum to work. Tristan automatically chases a nearby Mustang and catches it. Much like Grandpa catching the first thief on the travel through the sorghum fields. He comes back with a mustang, and Grandpa now has Nines appreciation.There are many script similarities, and cut similarities between these two films, yet LOTF has a more comprehensive plot, to me. Maybe its loses something in the sub-titles, that I dont find it as intriguing as American Cinema. One script point in particular in LOTF is the detail that the father was a former military chief, and he left that madness for a more peaceful life.

The importance of the role played by the educated elite in the process

africa came under the direct jurisdiction of Europe after the initial carving issue of the continent referred to as the Scramble for Africa. This partition was fulfilled at the Conference of Berlin 1884-85 resulting in the political mapping of the continent. Thus, Africa facilitated the extension of the European hegemonic powers overseas. This colonization rendered the African continent the play-toy of blotto European imperialists who raked the profits from the resource-rich territories. The period between 1880 and 1919 saw an upsurge of African resistance to colonial rule this was the period of African nationalism. The Africans were now exasperated with their scotch and social situation. Thus discontent and protest was bound to surface. During colonialism generally there was the raising of a small group usually through education and a diffusion of European culture. For the French and the British the style of education was different, the French was one of making French men in Afr ica while the British was much indirect. However it was this group that benefited from education whether French or British were to play a key role in the de closure process. Crowder states that the First World struggle raised the hopes of this emergent class all over Africa that they would be given positions of significance and respect from the colonizers however these hopes were never realised. The traditional elites were also disgruntled with colonisation as many of them lost their positions and respect not only from the colonizers but also from their people. Moreover, where they retained their positions many of them became puppets of the colonisers. The loss of real power, respect and social stand became a source of discontent among many of them. Neither set of elites were satisfied with colonial rule. An international congress which was convened under the auspices of the comintern at Brussels on February 1927 resulted in the formation of the league against imperialism and for national independence this provided further impetus for the decolonisation schemes. The congress was attended by 180 delegates from Western Europe, north underlying and South America, the Caribbean, Asia and Africa. The congress brought together socialists like the independent labour party, the radical leaders in colonial territories and representatives from Africa including Messali Hadj, Abd al-Kadir f... ... In some parts of Africa, European turn back ended by the early 1970s however a visible and dramatic legacy of colonial rule remained in the form of white colonial elites. referable to the apartheid restrictions attempts were made to form political organizations there was the south African native national congress under the leadership of Clements Kadalie, there was also the industrial and commercial-grade workers union whose membership grew to two hundred thousand despite the whites despite attempt to hold on to power. And although they did not receive full sovereignty un til posterior the significance of the political groups played a significant role. Thus, in the former British colonies of Rhodesia (Zimbabwe) and South Africa, the small white minority held onto power over the unvoiced and repressed black African populations well into the 1980s. It was only with the ending of white rule in Rhodesia in 1980, and the final crumbling of the racist policies of apartheid in S. Africa in 1990 that decolonization finally reached all parts of this continent. Nevertheless although their struggle was long it was still through the educated elite with mass support that final independence was achieved.

Lysistrata :: essays research papers

Aristophanes play Lysistrata takes place during the Peloponnesian War and the wo men of Greece ar tired of their men being at war. Greek women want to preserve the traditional way of life in their community. With this in mind, Lysistrata calls all the women of Greece together and devises a plan. She argues that if the women all go in in two activities, their men will end the war. Her proposals are that the women hold a sexual strike against the men. She urged the women to dress in sexy clothing hardly refuse sexual activity with the men. The second part of her proposal is that the women take over the acropolis. The old women are to do this first, while the younger women are having the strike. In order to accomplish this, the women challenge the masculine role model. They take on masculine characteristics and attitudes and defeat their men physically, mentally and above all strategically. By characterization the opposite sex, the men are better able to view themselves, leading th em to think more about their role and importance in the community. Men are a vital part of a stable environment and have many responsibilities to their wives, family and society. The women make it clear to the men how they feel when they are abandoned, with no sex, no company and no support. This proves that neither side benefits from war just that one side loses more than the other side.Fourth century B.C. Athenian women would get maladjusted when their men went to war. Most Athenian women married in their teens and never had to be on their own, and probably wouldnt know what to do if they did land on their own. The men start out for war and some do not return mostly because of death. This creates hardship for the widow who finds herself on her own, most likely with children, and no one to take solicitude of them anymore. The widow has few prospects. If she is young and attractive enough with the right domestic skills she might be able to remarry. But her situation is not too pr omising. later all, why would you want a widow, when you could get a "fresh" wife to "break-in" the way you want and start a family from your own seed?At the time, women were property. They were something beautiful to own, look at, and kept around to fulfill sexual needs.

Gruffydd ap Llywelyn :: King History Kings Wales Essays

Gruffydd ap Llywelyn Gruffydd ap Llywelyn was undoubtedly the outstanding Welsh ruler of the 11th century and the most distinguished prince to emerge since the days of Hywel Dda. He reigned from 1039 to 1063, scarcely was an unexpected contender for power. By 1039 he was probably established in Powys, and in that year Iago ap Idwal of Gwynedd was murdered by his own men, perhaps with Gruffydd as an accomplice, and emerged as the claimant for the northern kingdom. He was totally ruthless, his hands stained with the blood of rivals and opponents, but in retrospect his reign was seen as a period of outstanding achievement. For xv years he fought a hard struggle to make himself ruler of the southern kingdom of Wales, but he was thwarted by two opinionated kings, and not until 1055 could he claim to dominate the whole of Wales. His first target was Deheubarth, and in 1039 he drove Hywel ap Edwin in flight from the kingdom. When Gruffydd took over south Wales he assumed an aggressive po licy towards the English. In 1055, Aelfgar, son of the earl of Mercia, was the victim of a political attack, and an attempt was made to have him exiled. He found Gruffydd ap Llywelyn a rich ally, and supported by a Scandinavian force, he was reinstated. A successful combined attack on the English forces at Herefordshire, contributed much to Aelfgars success. That defeat caused Harold, earl of Wessex (later major power Harold I), to intervene directly, mustering a large army and arranging a settlement. Harold at that stage did not produce any permanent defence for the frontier, but sooner used a number of different tactics over the next few years. A new bishop of Hereford was appointed, Loefgar, one of Harolds priests, a chaplain with a inviolable taste for military matters. He attempted a surprise attack in Wales which went disastrously wrong, and which Gruffydd ap Llywelyn repulsed, leaving the English army with heavy losses. To re-establish peace on the frontier was no easy ta sk, and defence was entrusted for the time being to Aldred, bishop of Worcester, a more diplomatic and more pugnacious churchman. in 1058 the personal conflict amongst earl Harold and Aelfgar, who by then had succeeded as earl of Mercia, was renewed, and the pattern of 1055 was repeated, but Aelfgar could not be removed from the scene. Slowly events moved to a crisis point.

Gruffydd ap Llywelyn :: King History Kings Wales Essays

Gruffydd ap Llywelyn Gruffydd ap Llywelyn was undoubtedly the outstanding Welsh ruler of the 11th century and the most distinguished prince to emerge since the days of Hywel Dda. He reigned from 1039 to 1063, scarce was an unexpected contender for power. By 1039 he was probably established in Powys, and in that year Iago ap Idwal of Gwynedd was murdered by his own men, perhaps with Gruffydd as an accomplice, and emerged as the claimant for the northern kingdom. He was totally ruthless, his hands stained with the blood of rivals and opponents, but in retrospect his reign was seen as a period of outstanding achievement. For 15 years he fought a hard struggle to make himself ruler of the southern kingdom of Wales, but he was thwarted by two set(p) kings, and not until 1055 could he claim to dominate the whole of Wales. His first target was Deheubarth, and in 1039 he drove Hywel ap Edwin in flight from the kingdom. When Gruffydd took over south Wales he assumed an aggressive policy to wards the English. In 1055, Aelfgar, son of the earl of Mercia, was the victim of a political attack, and an attempt was made to have him exiled. He found Gruffydd ap Llywelyn a worthful ally, and supported by a Scandinavian force, he was reinstated. A successful combined attack on the English forces at Herefordshire, contributed much to Aelfgars success. That defeat caused Harold, earl of Wessex (later great power Harold I), to intervene directly, mustering a large army and arranging a settlement. Harold at that stage did not produce any permanent defence for the frontier, but rather used a number of different tactics over the next few years. A new bishop of Hereford was appointed, Loefgar, one of Harolds priests, a chaplain with a blind drunk taste for military matters. He attempted a surprise attack in Wales which went disastrously wrong, and which Gruffydd ap Llywelyn repulsed, leaving the English army with heavy losses. To re-establish peace on the frontier was no easy task, and defence was entrusted for the time being to Aldred, bishop of Worcester, a more diplomatic and more pugnacious churchman. in 1058 the personal conflict among earl Harold and Aelfgar, who by then had succeeded as earl of Mercia, was renewed, and the pattern of 1055 was repeated, but Aelfgar could not be removed from the scene. Slowly events moved to a crisis point.

English/Modern Drama Coursework †Thee Crucible Essay

How does Arthur miller portray John Proctor as a tragic hero in lowest scenes of The melting pot? The Crucible was written by Arthur Miller in 1953, which was a time of McCarthyism and paranoia round Communism. Arthur Miller was involved in McCarthyism, as he was accused of backing Communism. He wrote the play to show people how ridiculous accusations can be, and how easily they can get out of hand.The play is set in the small town of Salem, in 1692. It is set against a great forest, and the people of Salem dont know what is out there, which is what gives them such a wary approach to the affected e.g. witchcraft. Salem goes by the strict religion of Puritanism, so the people take things out of the ordinary and any sins very seriously, virtuallytimes resulting in the death penalty.When some girls are found dancing in the woods one night by the town minister, Reverend Parris, the younger ones become afraid of the consequences and fake illness. This contains the townspeople suspi cious, and word gets spread of witchcraft resulting in Parris getting a few visitors, who are curious to find out almost the previous nights events.John Proctor is a soundly example of an Aristotelean tragic hero, as he has all four qualities nobility-he is very noble in the final scenes, as he gives up his good name for the sake of the other people in the town, hamartia-his flaw or error of judgment is his lust for Abigail Williams, a reversal of fortune-he did have a good life with his far-offm or family, but ended up being hanged, and the discovery of recognition that the reversal was brought about by the heros own actions-in act four, he realizes that it is his affair that caused all of the accusations and deaths in Salem, so he allows himself to be hung.In act one, the reference finds out about the well-respected John Proctors affair with the niece of Parris, and the Proctors former polarity maid, Abigail Williams, I know how you clutched my back behind your house He has great guilt for his affair with Abigail, yet his lust for her still lingers. This lust is one of the flaws of his personality that Arthur Miller uses to make John Proctor an Aristotelian tragic hero. Later on in the play, the accusations of witchcraft have gotten out of hand and people have been hung.Proctor and Hale, a witch hunter, try to make everyone see sense, but their pride lies in the way of justice, and yet more than people are hanged, including Proctor and Rebecca Nurse, one of the best respected people in Salem. When Proctor and Abigail are left alone, he flirts with her Ah, youre wicked yet, arent y This has a double meaning in this case, as John essence it in a sexual way as well. Abigail tries her hardest to make John return her feelings for him, by flirting and saying things like GahId some forgot how strong you are, John Proctor Johns weakness for Abigail is the cause of his own downfall in the end, as he admits to his affair when he is launch under questionin g. This is a noble act, as Abigail was lying, and he ruined his good reputation for the sake of justice to the others of the town. Although this is such a noble act, and there seems to be a way out for most of the condemned people, Elizabeth is asked about it, and denies all knowledge just to try and save John.This results in everyone back to where they started, on a delay list to be hanged. Elizabeth and John Proctors marriage seems to be on the rocks in act two, when they are sat eating dinner, as the portray directions show that they find it very difficult to speak to each other and there is a very bad atmosphere in the room, it is as though she would speak but cannot. This awkward atmosphere is the result of Johns previous affair, and the tension is broken, when they begin an argument over her.Although they seem very far apart, later on in act trinity, John admits to being a lecher I have known her, sir. Admitting to that took a lot of courage, and it sheds a new-fashioned light to the audience of John Proctor. Elizabeth is called in to prove this, and although Proctor has told the judges she will not lie, she says she knows nothing of the affair, for the sake of saving Johns name. This ends in Elizabeth being taken away, and John being accused of lying.Another sign of their love for each other is in act four, when Elizabeth cannot forgive John, as he cannot forgive himself. This shows his respect for her, and his need for her approval, which could have been the cause of his affair, and his hamartia. In the end, John dies for Elizabeth, as that is the only way he can gain his self-forgiveness, and Elizabeths forgiveness, He have his goodness now. God forbid I take it from him The way that he allows himself to be hung, shows that he has another characteristic of a tragic hero, as he realizes that he was the one that started all of the commotion in Salem, by having an affair with Abigail. John Proctor seems to redeem himself in the final act, because h e shows how a good deal he cares for Elizabeth, suffers willingly for his actions and has a reversal of fortune, by ending up dead. The way that he is shown as so regretful and ashamed by Arthur Miller in act four, I am not worth the dust on the feet of them that hangMakes the audience respect him, and see him as a good man again. Arthur Miller portrays him as a tragic hero in act four, more than the rest of the play, because he breaks down, and the audience sees all of his personality, as he fights for his wifes forgiveness and his life and good name. The emotional trauma in act four-Proctors life being ripped up as he tears the paper up-shows the audience that John Proctor is a good man, and has feelings and emotion like any normal person, so the audience, in a way, sees themselves in him.As well as this, the audience feels sympathy for him, because he doesnt really deserve to die. He suffers more than he deserves, because of his pride, which is another flaw in his personality. H e has the chance to sign a form, that will save him from hanging, but because it will be pinned up onto the church door, he refuses, as he feels he has lost everything apart from his good name, I have given you my soul leave me my name Another nobility in act four, is when he is asked whetherhe knows of anyone else who may have been with the devil, and he will not mention anybody elses name to the court. This shows a resemblance to Arthur Miller, the author, as when he was questioned in the 1950s about allegedly supporting Communism he never involved anybody else in it. I think Arthur Miller based John Proctor around himself, as well as the real-life John Proctor from Salem. I think Proctor deserves respect for letting himself die, and being so noble.He suffered a lot more than he should have, because there is no death penalty for lechery, but witchcraft-the reason he was hung-does have the death penalty. Although he officially died for being a witch, I think he really died for hav ing an affair, and this is what I think makes him so well-respected. I also think that he is spiritually wounded by Elizabeth, when she wont forgive him, John, it comes to naught that I should forgive you, if youll not forgive yourself. He is also physically wounded, as he has been in prison for the past three months, and He is another man, bearded, filthy .

Biblical Worldview

Janelle Harris Theo 201 Prof. Gabriel Etzel January 19, 2013 Biblical World View One may wonder if God still has a generate on His creation today and if so, how? Take biology, without plants giving off oxygen we wouldnt be able to breathe. How does the tree know how to produce oxygen? How do we know how to natur entirelyy breathe in and out? Look at Business. How does one know how to be ethical and moral? Well according to the sanctum Bible, God is truly much still active in His creation and in a variety of ways.First, God plant in the universe. As a prophet of God, King David, said in Psalm 19, verse 1, The heavens are telling the glory of God and their expanse is declaring the work of His hands. One alonetocks hardly look at the beauty, the order, and the wisdom of the universe and not see how wise and powerful God is. The God who makes the sun shine and the flowers bloom, the God who regulates times and seasons has such great power and wisdom that it is truly beyond our und erstanding.Paul declared in Acts 14, verses 16 and 17 And in the generations gone by He permitted all the nations to go their own ways and yet He did not leave Himself without witness, in that He did good and gave you rains from heaven and fruitful seasons, satisfying your hearts with fodder and gladness. Everything we have comes from the blessings of God. Second, God is at work answering everyones prayer. The Bible says in Isaiah 65, verse 24, It go away also come to pass that before they call, I will answer and while they are still speaking, I will hear. God wants to hear your prayers. He is eager to hear our thoughts and request. He has a trust to have a relationship with His children. The Bible says in James 1, verse 17 that, Every good thing bestowed and every perfect gift is from above, approach path down from the Father of lights, with whom there is no variation, or shifting shadow. God loves us enough to hear our prayers and to help us when we need Him most.The apostle Paul reminds us in Ephesians 3, verses 20 to 21, Now to Him who is able to do exceeding abundantly beyond all that we ask or think, according to the power that works within us, to Him be the glory in the church and in Christ saviour to all generations forever and ever, Amen. Third, God is busy shaping our everyday comprises. He works in us day by day second by second. The Bible says in Philippians 1 and verse 6, For I am confident of this very thing, that He who began a good work in you will perfect it until the day of Christ Jesus. God prepares His people to do His work, so that we may live an eternity in heaven with Him. What God is doing in us now prepares us for the life to come. This is happening to people in every major not just bible majors. The Bible says in Philippians 2, verses 12 and 13, So then, my beloved, just as you have always obeyed, not as in my presence only, but now much more in my absence, work out your salvation with fear and trembling for it is God who is at work in you, both to will and to work for His good pleasure. God is shaping our hearts, our attitudes, our will, and our lives to conform to His will, so that we could live with Him and He could live with us forever. With a major in Business I know my God is active in every decision making process. Through hiring and firing, expanding or downsizing, and even though negotiations God is at work. The bible says in Deuteronomy 8 verse 18, But remember the LORD your God, for it is he who gives you the ability to produce wealth, and so confirms his covenant, which he swore to your ancestors, as it is today. All of our skills and special talents that we use in our businesses are all given to us by God. He gives us the ability to make money and cut deals. He did it for our parents and mentors and he does it for us too. Jesus is not only our Creator He is also the one who keeps this whole world running together. The Bible says in Colossians 1, verses 15 to 17, And He that is Jesus is the image of the nonvisual God, the first-born of all creation. For by Him all things were created, both in the heavens and on earth, visible and invisible, whether thrones or dominions or rulers or authoritiesall things have been created by Him and for Him.And He is before all things, and in Him all things hold together. Gods power and wisdom created our seasons which cause the earth to rotate every 24 hours making night and day. He created the moon to revolve more or less the earth every 28 days and it also reckons the tides of the oceans. God causes the earth to go around the sun every 365 and one fourth days determining our year and our seasons. There is no way this just happened by its self. No, God has been in control the entire time.

Identifying and defining problems Essay

Leaders are at the forefront of any government activity. They are looked upon by their subordinates in initiating the plans and goals of the organization. In essence, leaders are the guiding light of every organization whenever the latter is experiencing financial and economic woes, turmoil within the organization or disruption in the organizations work processes. A leader has the power to lift an organization out from the ashes of ruins and into the world of success. only when with great power comes great responsibility, hence a leader should have, within him, the element of acquirement in rangeing and defining problems.Whenever an organization, say a company or a corporation, loses its edge in competing in the market wherein it is situated, there is a need for it to pioneer and variety show. Therefore, it is the leaders duty to instill discipline among the employees, so as to push the whole organization into motion. Although its difficult to put together a group with enough power to guide the effort or to convince key individuals to spend the time necessary to create and communicate a change vision, (Kotter, p.36) a leader should have a sense of empathy with the organizations employees, so as to let him be aware of what the whole organization is feeling about the whole effort of innovating and changing the organization.For problems to be identified and defined there is a need for the cooperation of both the managerial leaders and the run and file employees. In undertaking a change within an organization, people often underestimate the enormity of the task the work requires great cooperation, initiative, and willingness to make sacrifices from legion(predicate) people. (Kotter, p. 35) Empathy comes into play here.When the people within the organization k flat that there leader is to be trusted, they would not hesitate to cooperate in the leaders efforts. debut and change will come eventu wholey. The absence of a major visible crisis, low overall p rocedure standards or a lack of sufficient performance feedback contribute to complacency which, in turn, contributes to laxity in doing the work processes below quality standards. Leaders should be adept at noticing or recognizing these sources of complacency so as to remove any hindrance to an organizations effort to innovate and change.Add to this, as requirement for a leader, the skill of just listen for through this, misinformation within the organization would be greatly decreased. It is said that opportunity is problem turned inside out hence organizational problems often untied many windows for innovation and change. The prototypic step in managerial problem solving is problem and opportunity identification. Tushman and OReilly (2002, p. 40) said that just as physicians first focus on their patients presenting symptoms, managers must identify their organizations critical problems.This done, they can then diagnose the causes of these problems and, in turn, take action to address them turn avoiding unexpected side effects. Similarly, once opportunities are identified, managers can analyze those aspects of the current organization that will get in the way of achieving the units aspirations. With the authors radical in mind, a leader should know the actual assessment of the organization so that he can properly implement the right strategy to a particular unit in an organization.In doing this, a leader or manager (and his or her team) needs to be clear about the strategy, objectives and vision of the unit. such clarity is the bedrock of managing innovation and change. Only when strategy, objectives, and vision are defined can managers move on to an honest appraisal of the current performance of their organization. (Tushman & OReilly, p. 41) After the mission and goals have been set and are clear in the minds of the unit members within the organization, efforts should be made in determining how the proposed strategies will regimen considering the cur rent performance of the organization.This will provide a situation wherein the management can gauge whether the mission and goals of the organization are realistic or not. As Tushman and OReilly have stated, organizational performance gaps are the differences between desired and real performance. These performance gaps can be termed as opportunity gaps. When we arrive at knowing these gaps, we would really be able to clearly formulate a clear and definite strategy to use in a particular situation. But strategies wont materialize on their own it needs painstaking efforts to be able to arrive at these strategies.What can a leader do about this? A good leader knows that he cannot steer the whole organization, especially if it is a big one, towards its goals on his own. He needs the help of all his subordinates. It is needed for the leader to encourage the management and the rank and file employees to join him in formulating and implementing these strategies for innovation and change to be realized. It is a fact that creative thinkers bug into their imaginations by combining and recombining ideas or concepts to make new connections.Creative thinking is really about discovering new connections through the use of the imagination, diverse stimuli, and creative-connections power tools. (Dundon, p. 42) In addition to these approaches for identifying and defining problems and opportunities for innovation and change in an organization, Dundon stated (2002, p. 64) that a preferred method for idea generation is having an Innovation Group which, because of its comprehensiveness and blind drunk design, goes beyond the more common brainstorming method.This allows discussing and formulating ideas at a higher level within the group. Once these approaches have been taken, what a leader should do now is to carefully evaluate how the organization reacts to these implemented strategies so as for him to make necessary corrections when the need arises.ABSTRACT There are many appro aches to identify and define problems that confront a particular organization. These problems would not be addressed and be made visible without the guidance or skill of a good leader.Hence, it is needed that a leader is knowledgeable of the processes of an organization, empathic and, best of all, a great innovator himself who believes in positive results that innovation and change bring to an organization. Sources 1) Dundon, Elaine (2002).The Seeds of Innovation. newfangled York, American Management Association 2) Kotter, John P. (1996). Leading Change. Massachusetts, Harvard Business School Press 3) Tushman, Michael L. , & OReilly, Charles A. (2002). Winning Through Innovation. Massachusetts, Harvard Business School Press.

The Significance of the Rape Scene in Timothy Findley’s

The significance of the rape scene in Timothy Findleys The Wars Ryan Moore Robert Ross, the protagonist of Timothy Findleys novel The Wars undergoes a disturbing infringement when his fellow soldiers rape him this is a significant turning point for Roberts character and a section of the carry Findley uses to address many themes. Throughout the book we witness Robert maturing and experiencing many hardships that will help create the man he becomes. The most significant of these trials is the scene at the insane asylum because it is where Robert looses the last friendship to his innocence and his faith in humanitys virtuousness.Findley also uses this scene to address the topic of homophobia in that era, and the substantially detrimental effect the First innovation War had on the fighting men of Roberts generation. Findley employs creative diction in the beginning of section five, chapter five of the novel, in order to symbolize the fragmentation of Roberts character. Robert piece s together what has just happened as he stands in the center of the room (175). Roberts thoughts ar exposed from the by-line lines He indispensabilityed a clean shirt He wanted his pistol (175).The actors short, choppy sentences be representations of Roberts thought pattern. He is in a commonwealth of shock, and his character is splintering as he tries to comprehend the violation that has just transpired. Findley creates emphasis in Roberts thoughts and actions by double spacing this part and scratch line each sentence with he equaled by a verb He wanted, He looked, He pulled. As a reader, this writing technique makes us go through as if we are able to see into Roberts thoughts and be a part of the moment.This creates powerful imagery of Roberts damaged state of mind and draws help to this section, which makes the reader consider that it is a very important event that also makes connections to other issues and themes. A notable observation of the scene where Robert wants t o hug his friend Poole, except he knows that he must not because it would be inappropriate, is the issue of Homophobia that is touched on. This was very prevalent issue at this time and Findley uses this scene in bicycle-built-for-two with the rape scene to create irony. Robert wished with all his heart that men could embrace (177).After what he has experienced he knew now they couldnt. Mustnt (177). The irony is that Robert doesnt want to be thought of as unusual while he is in fact more normal than most people in the asylum, especially including his assailants, who are in fact very unusual. A potential reason the author draws attention to this topic of homophobia is because it could have been an issue for him growing up as a gay man in the early 1900s, and he may have thought it needed to be addressed. The scene when Taffler and the Swede have panic in their eyes on page 40 also lends strength to the theme of homophobia.Roberts turning point begins when he burns his photograph o f Rowena he has woolly-headed faith in hu military personnel and does not want his memory of her to re important in such a perverse and painful world. The narrator describes Roberts violation as . . . being rolled and dumped face down on the stones (175). Robert discovers almostthing important about his attackers when he realizes that his assailants . . . had been his fellow soldiers. Maybe even his brother officers (175). Findley gives us some insight into Roberts thoughts when he describes him burning the photo, This was not an act of anger-but an act of charity (178).His assailants treat Robert like a piece of trash once they are through with him and leave him face down on the stones. The atrocious defilement Robert endures changes his opinion of humanity and after witnessing the hellish events of fight, and realizing his attackers had been his fellow soldiers, Robert looses trust in mankinds goodness (175). When he receives his belongings and sees the photograph of his siste r, Robert realizes that he doesnt her memory to exist in a place that has treated him so raspingly and that her innocence does not belong in this world any longer.Robert decides to burn the picture to free Rowenas memory from the slightest association with the depravation mankind has sunk to in his eyes, and with it he is destroying the last link to his innocence. The rape scene is also very important because of the real life symbolism it represents. Findley uses the rape scene to acknowledge that the war has raped Roberts generation of men who were affiliated with it. As Robert is assaulted his thoughts lead to Why? Robert kept thinking. Why? (174). The author hints at this theme in the following line . . . four hundred thousand possibilities- all of those lives that would never be (169).Roberts thoughts of why reflect the thoughts of many North American men and women who had bewildered love ones during the war. Findley believes that the war, and those who made it, raped Roberts entire generation of men and left damaged scared victims and grieving relatives in their wake (gradesaver). Findley cleverly emphasizes the tough metaphor of four hundred thousand possibilities by writing it at the end of the chapter (169). This figure of speech is used to touch on one of the main themes of the book, which is the repercussion of war for humanity and the lives it wastes.In conclusion the significance of the rape scene serves many purposes. Primarily it establishes the dramatic turning point for the protagonist, Robert Ross. He is required to quickly mature in order to fight his way through the war, and this event forces him to let go of his innocent past self and his memories of Rowena. Findleys character interactions that follow this scene and also occur in other parts of the book allude to the controversy of homophobia during this time, which may have been a subject of contempt for him.The author also uses this scene to address the real life topic of World War O ne and how he believes that the war mongers of the era have raped Robert Rosss generation of men by conscripting them to a ruthless and prolonged war. References Findley. Timothy. The Wars. Toronto Penguin, 1977. Print. The Wars Study Guide? Summary and Analysis of Part Five and Epilogue GradeSaver. Gradesaver, November 12, 2012. http//www. gradesaver. com/the-wars/study-guide/section6/.

Determine Disinfectant and Antiseptic Effectiveness Using Zone Inhibition Method

Lab Report Title Page Determine Disinfectant and sterile Effectiveness Using Zone Inhibition Method Prep ard for By Date Introduction Page Abstract This study is to examine the effects of divergent types of germicidals by disk diffusion method using common agents such as Betadine, Clorox, Crest, Kiss My Face, Listerine, and Lysol. Wound care and general modify of home surfaces is a part of daily activity for many of the general population. Knowing which agents are effective against the bacteria that most commonly cause infection, disease, and illness all(prenominal)ows educated decisions on which agents to use.We compared the germicidal effectiveness of 6 common agents widely apply by the general public against 3 common bacterial organisms. Introduction Sterilization killings all organisms in or on an object or substance. Disinfectants and antiseptics do not sterilize since many types of organisms and spores are not killed. Disinfectants are described as germicide agents th at are used on inanimate objects such as an instrument or structural surfaces. The term antiseptic is usually applied to antimicrobial agents that are used on living tissue such as skin and throat mucosa.A disinfectant must be capable of killing pathogens part it is in contact with them, so that they cannot grow again when it is removed. This action is said to be cidal (lethal), and it is described according to the type of organisms it kills as bactericidal, sporicidal, fungicidal, virucidal, etc If the antimicrobial substance notwithstanding inhibits the organisms while it is in contact with them, they may be able to multiply again when it is removed. In this case, the agent is said to have static activity and may be described as bacteriostatic, fungistatic, etcMicroorganisms of different groups are not uniformly susceptible to chemical disinfection due to the structures of their cell walls. As an example, Mycobacterium are more(prenominal) resistant than most other bacteria b ecause of their waxy cell walls. Of all microbial forms, bacterial endospores display the greatest resistance to both chemical and tangible agents of disinfection. The efficacy claimed for a given disinfectant in killing vegetative bacterial species may have no bearing on its ability to smash bacterial or fungal spores, mycobacteria, some viruses or prions.A number of factors must be considered when choosing a disinfectant besides type of organism. These include characterization time, concentration of the antimicrobial agent, temperature, optimal pH activity of the antimicrobial agents, the concentration of the microorganisms present, and the toxicity of the agent for skin or its effect on materials to be disinfected. present we will test the effectiveness of respective(a) antimicrobial substances by inoculating culture plates with the test organisms and then applying the disinfectant/antiseptic to the inoculated plate by a filter paper disk that has been dipped into the disinf ectant/antiseptic.This is a disk diffusion method that is similar to the method used to test the effectiveness of various chemotherapeutic agents. We will then measure the zone-of- forbiddance. With this method, the presence of such a clear zone (lack of step-up) surrounding the chemical shows either the cells have been killed or that their growth has been inhibited. A zone of inhibition does not discriminate between bacterio-static and bactericidal chemicals. The 6 agents we will be testing are Betadine (B) A povidone-iodine zeal used mainly for skin disinfection and wound treatment.Kills a wide range of disease-causing organisms including bacteria, fungi, many viruses, and most micro-organisms. Does not affect hydrophilic viruses such as polyomavirus and PBFD. Clorox (C) A biguanide preparation of Sodium Hypochlorite used mainly for surface cleaning in various environments such as homes and hospitals to kill microorganisms. Bleach is effective as a disinfectant and kills many micro-organisms, but is not a viable solution to the spread of tuberculosis, bacterial spores and Chlamydia. Crest (Cr) A widely used antimicrobial for oral bacteria and biofilms.Especially useful on Gram-negative micro-organisms such as Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Campylobacter rectus, Eikenella corrodens, and Fusobacterium nucleatum. Kiss My Face (Kf) An organic alternative to typical alcohol based mouthwashes using aloe vera as antimicrobial agent and grapefruit extract as a polyphenol. Proven useful with Trichophyton mentagrophytes and Staphylococcus aureus. _ _. Listerine (Li) An alcohol based antiseptic mouth dampen containing the active ingredient ethanol which is toxic to bacteria at concentrations of only 7%. Reduces dental carries, plaque and gingivitis.Lysol (Ly) A O-phenylphenol preparation of cresols used for surface cleaning in various environments such as homes and hospitals to kill microorganisms such as fungi, Tuberculosis, certain viruses,_ staphylo coccus_ and Pseudomonas bacteria. Does not kill nonenveloped viruses, such as _parvovirus, polyomavirus, papillomavirus, adenovirus and reovirus_, nor will they kill all bacteria types. The three common bacteria we will be testing against are Pseudomonas aeruginosa An ubiquitous environmental organism associated with whirlpools whereby infection is caused by immersion in contaminated water.Staphylococcus aureus A normal flora organism on the skin surfaces of most healthy humans. Escherichia coli A large and various group of organisms associated with fecal remnants that have been ingested causing infection. Materials and Methods Page Materials and Methods T-Soy plates (TSA) Lawn spreading method Sterile swabs Forceps Sterile filter paper disks Disinfectants/Antiseptics We will follow the specific operating instructions to carry out this experiment as billd in Lab 16 p90 of Symbiosis by Pearson. Results Page Results and DiscussionThis experiment was conducted to show how differen t disinfectants and antiseptics kill bacteria. The results of our experiment under normal room conditions on the TSA agar were as follows Conclusion Page Conclusion Previous research has shown that if an antiseptic disinfectant agent does not kill bacteria, the risk of infection is importantly higher. We used a Gram-negative (P aeruginosa), a Gram-positive (S aureus), and a Gram-negative (_E. coli_) bacterium for bactericidal testing procedures. We allowed the TSA agar to mature over a 7 day period and then noted our results by viewing and measuring the zone inhibition (mm).Findings were that while all had an effect, there were differences among how effective each agent was against each strain of bacterium used. Surface cleaning agents Lysol was most effective against S. aureus and E. Coli, while Clorox did significantly well with all three bacterium. It appears from our findings that Clorox is the most effective disinfectant and antimicrobial of the six agents tested. Oral care ag ents The effects of Listerine were less than stealer, while the organic harvest-home Kiss My Face was more effective with all three types of bacteria. Crest rated low as an effective agent for all three types of bacteria.It is important to note that the standard deviation rose as high as 7. 8, which is a significant difference in the resulting data accuracy. Literature Cited Pearson, 2010. Symbiosis Lab 16 Disk Diffusion Assay to Determine Disinfectant and Antiseptic Effectiveness, pp. 89-91. Pearson Custom Publishing Vicki S. Rabenberg, Christopher D. Ingersoll, Michelle A. Sandrey, and Mary T. Johnson. The Bactericidal And Cytotoxic Effects Of Antimicrobial Wound Cleansers. 2002. Centers for unsoundness Control and Prevention http//www. cdc. gov/nczved/divisions/dfbmd/diseases/ecoli_o157h7/index. htmlspread Violet I. Haraszthy, DDS, MS, PhD Joseph J.Zambon, DDS, PhDPrem K. Sreenivasan, PhD. The Antimicrobial Efficacy of Commercial Dentifrices Featured in General Dentistry. 2010 Agarry O. , Olaleye M. T, and Bello-Michael, C. O. Comparative antimicrobial activities of aloe vera gel and leaf. African Journal of Biotechnology Vol. 4 (12), pp. 1413-1414, 2005. ZDENKA CVETNI, ANDA VLADIMIR-KNE. Antimicrobial activity of grapefruit seed and pulp ethanolic extract. Department of Microbiology dexterity of Pharmacy and BiochemistryUniversity of Zagreb in conjunction with the Croatia and Department of Pharmacognosy Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry University of Zagreb, Croatia. 2004.

Plugged In or Plugged Out?

The technological age has dawned upon us. 80 percent of Ameri basins own a computer theyre constantly sucked into their iPods, iPhones, Blackberries, TVs, computers you name it from the time they wake up to the time they fall asleep. American teenagers, born into this world of technology as soon as it began to take off in the 1990s, find themselves completely at ease with computers, a trait that is, so far, unique to their generation. Schools gull slowly started to implement new technologies into the classroom the latest computers, tablets, projectors, smart boards however schools must be weary of introducing too much new technology, because as instructive as they can be, they can as well as be disruptive and dangerous. When the right balance is found, the humanity school system and the students will surely prosper.The Internet, bursting into the homes of Americans in the 1990s, revolutionized American life. Entire businesses can be created and destroyed with the chit-chat of a mouse doctors and nurses rely on it to store medical records and ensure the health of their patients. Newspapers, once so imperative to American life, and in shaping the history of our nation, have been completely replaced with online news websites, and businesses have learned to adapt to advertise and sell in the online world, when they had previously been limited only to print, television and radio. Countless numbers of student help websites have undetermined the college application process simplified.Yes, the Internet is an incredible place, bursting with knowledge, but it is also a breeding ground for cheating and plagiarism. To accompany the honest educational websites, there be sites with prewritten essays pay a small fee, copy and paste, and youre done. Students abuse websites such as Sparknotes and Cliffsnotes instead of reading the book that theyre assigned, and they rely on search engines such as Google to do their homework for them. The lewd content, displayed so boldly and proudly, splashed across the pages of millions of websites, is also a problem for schools one wrong click on a search engine and you could be viewing something you never wanted to see. Its a free-for-all in cyberspace, and there is certainly no quality control, as the coercive Court ruled it a violation of privacy to regulate free speech on the web. Although technology to conquer these problems is in wide use Turnitin, a plagiarism detector, and divers(a) Internet blocking systems are just a few they are never 100 percent successful in their prosecution to make the Internet a less vile place. However, by taking proper safety precautions, schools can protect their students and still ensure they have door to the educational tools the internet provides.Read also Twitter Case StudyTechnology has impacted our daily routine so much that rarely do we ever find ourselves using the old-fashioned pen and paper. Why would we need to? We have cell phones to store phone numbers in and word processors to pull through papers in. Even keeping a journal seems like a thing of the past when our lives are documented so well by Facebook, Twitter, and various blogging sites. Pens and pencils have been exchanged for a keyboard, paper exchanged for a word processor. However, this is not necessarily a bad thing with less paper usance comes a healthier Earth. This is what e- books such as the Kindle attempt to accomplish. They read just like a book, store upwards of 10,000 books, are extremely jackanapes and portable, and, of course, use no paper. Textbooks are available for purchase through these e-books for half the cost of traditional textbooks, and implementing them in schools could not only save the environment they could also save money.The world is at the fingertips of students using the Internet literally. One can take a tour of Paris, London or Rome, and even walk on the surface of the Moon or Mars using Google Maps. Google Art Project gives students the chance to explore art museums around the world, viewing old and new masterpieces with the click of a button. They can easily have a casual conversation via webcam in the foreign language of their choice with someone who lives halfway across the world. The can communicate with their teachers instantaneously outside of school and learn like never before.So whats stopping schools from investing in this new wealth of technology for the cash advance of their student body? With sufficient Internet protection in place, students can learn better, and more quickly and effectively, than ever before. If the next generation is properly weaponed with the right technology, they sky will no longer be the limit they can reach for the stars and beyond.

Spirit Bound Chapter Two

MY TRIALS WERE A BLUR.Youd call up, seeing as they were the most important deviate of my education at St. Vladimirs, that Id remember everything in perfect, cryst in alline detail. Yet my earlier thoughts were patient of of authorised. How could these measure up to what Id already faced? How could these mock fights comp be to a mob of Strigoi descending on our school? Id had to stand against oerwhelming odds, not knowing if those I loved were alive or dead. And how could I fear a so-called difference of opinion with wiz of the schools instructors after having fought Dimitri? Hed been lethal as a dhampir and worse as a Strigoi.Not that I meant to make abstemious of the trials. They were serious. Novices failed them all the time, and I ref aimd to be one of them. I was attacked on all placements, by guardians whod been fighting and defending Moroi since before I was born. The arena wasnt flat, which complicated everything. Theyd filled it with contraptions and obstacles, beam s and stairs that examed my balanceincluding a bridge that botherationfully reminded me of that last iniquity Id seen Dimitri. Id pushed him after plunging a silver stake into his hearta stake that had travel extinct during his plummet to the river below.The arenas bridge was a man different from the solid wooden one upon which Dimitri and I had fought in Siberia. This one was rickety, a poorly constructed raceway of wooden planks with only rope rails for support. Every tempo do the entire bridge swing and call d ingest, and holes in the boards showed me w here(predicate) former classmates had (unfortunately for them) disc all overed weak spots. The test they assigned me on the bridge was probably the worst of all. My goal was to r from each one a Moroi away from a group of Strigoi that were in pursuit. My Moroi was existence played by Daniel, a new guardian who had come with others to the school to replace those killed in the attack. I didnt know him very hygienic, a lone for this exercise, he was playing completely sheep standardized and back uplesseven a little afraid, to a greater extentover as any Moroi I was guarding might fall in been.He gave me a little resistance close to stepping onto the bridge, and I utilize my calmest, most coaxing voice to finally hold up him to walk out ahead of me. Apparently they were testing spate skills as well as fleck skills. Not utmost behind us on the course, I knew the guardians acting as Strigoi were approa raiseg.Daniel stepped out, and I shadowed him, lock in giving him reassurances plot of ground all my senses stayed on alert. The bridge swung wildly, telling me with a jolt that our pursuers had joined us. I glanced back and saw three Strigoi access after us. The guardians playing them were doing a remarkable jobmoving with as frequently dexterity and speed as true Strigoi would. They were going to overtake us if we didnt stun a apparent front end on.Youre doing great, I told Daniel. It was hard to keep the right tone in my voice. Screaming at Moroi might nonplus them into shock. Too much gentleness would make them commemorate it wasnt serious. And I know you can move faster. We need to keep ahead of themtheyre getting close-hauled. I know you can do this. Come on.I must(prenominal) take hold passed that persuasive part of the test because he did indeed pick up his speednot rather enough to match that of our pursuers, but it was a start. The bridge shifted crazily again. Daniel yelped convincingly and froze, gripping the rope sides tightly. Ahead of him, I saw another guardian-as-Strigoi waiting on the oppo presente side of the bridge. I believed his recognise was Randall, another new instructor. I was sandwiched between him and the group at my back. solely Randall stayed still, waiting on the first plank of the bridge so that he could shake it and make it harder for us.Keep going, I urged, my mind spinning. You can do it. but thithers a Strigoi there We re trapped, Daniel exclaimed.Dont worry. Ill deal with him. Just move.My voice was fierce this time, and Daniel crept forward, pushed on by my command. The next few moments required perfect timing on my part. I had to watch the Strigoi on both sides of us and keep Daniel in motion, all the turn monitoring where we were on the bridge. When we were approximately three quarters of the way crossways, I hissed, Drop down on all fours right now HurryHe obeyed, coming to a stanch. I immediately knelt, still speaking in an undertone Im about to shout at you. Ignore it. In a louder voice, for the usefulness of those coming after us, I exclaimed, What are you doing? We cant stopDaniel didnt budge, and I again spoke softly. Good. See where the ropes connect the base to the rails? Grab them. Grab them as tightly as you can, and do not let go, no matter what happens. Wrap them around your hands if you consent to. Do it nowHe obeyed. The clock was ticking, and I didnt waste another moment. In one motion, while still crouched, I off around and hacked at the ropes with a knife Id been presumptuousness on with my stake. The blade was sharp, thank God. The guardians running the trial werent messing around. It didnt instantly slice the ropes, but I have it off through them so quickly that the Strigoi on either side of us didnt have time to fight back.The ropes snapped secure as I again reminded Daniel to hold on. The 2 halves of the bridge swung toward the sides of wooden scaffolding, carried by the weight of the people on them. Well, ours did at least. Daniel and I had been prepared. The three pursuers behind us hadnt been. Two fell. One just barely managed to catch hold of a plank, slipping a bit before securing his grip. The actual drop was six feet, but Id been told to regard it as fiftya distance that would kill me and Daniel if we fell.Against all odds, he was still clutching the rope. I was hanging on as well, and once the rope and wood were lying flat against the scaffoldings sides, I began scrambling up it like a ladder. It wasnt easy climbing over Daniel, but I did it, giving me one more come across to tell him to hang on. Randall, whod been waiting ahead of us, hadnt fallen off. Hed had his feet on the bridge when I cut it, though, and had been surprised enough to lose his balance. Quick to recover, he was now shimmying up the ropes, trying to climb up to the solid surface above. He was much closer to it than me, but I just managed to grab his leg and stop him. I jerked him toward me. He maintained his grip on the bridge, and we struggled. I knew I probably couldnt tear him off, but I was able to keep getting closer. At last, I let go of the knife Id been holding and managed to get the stake from my belt fewthing that tested my balance. Randalls ungainly position gave me a shot at his heart, and I took it.For the trials, we had blunt-ended stakes, ones that wouldnt pierce skin but which could be used with enough force to convince o ur opponents that we knew what we were doing. My colligation was perfect, and Randall, conceding it would have been a killing blow, relinquished his hold and dropped off the bridge.That left me the painful task of coaxing Daniel to climb up. It took a long time, but again, his deportment wasnt out of character with how a scared Moroi might behave. I was just grateful he hadnt decided a real number Moroi would have disordered his grip and fallen. aft(prenominal) that challenge came many more, but I fought on, never slowing down or letting exhaustion affect me. I slipped into battle mode, my senses focused on basic instincts fight, dodge, kill.And while staying tuned to those, I still had to be innovative and not fall into a lull. Otherwise, I wouldnt be able to react to a surprise like the bridge. I managed it all, battling on with no other thoughts beyond accomplishing the tasks before me. I tried not to think of my instructors as people I knew. I dance orchestra them like Str igoi. I pulled no punches.When it finally ended, I almost didnt realize it. I was simply standing there in the middle of the field with no more attackers coming at me. I was alone. Slowly, I became more aware of the worlds details. Crowds in the stands cheering. A few instructors nodding to distributively other as they joined in. The pounding of my own heart.It wasnt until a grinning Alberta tugged at my arm that I realised it was over. The test Id waited for my entire life, finished in what felt like a blink of an eye.Come on, she said, wrapping her arm around my shoulder and guiding me toward the exit. You need to get some water and sit down.Dazed, I let her lead me off the field, around which people were still cheering and crying my name. Behind us, I heard some people byword they had to take a break and fix the bridge. She led me back to the waiting area and gently pushed me onto a bench. Someone else sat beside me and handed me a nursing bottle of water. I hearted over and saw my mother. She had an expression on her face that I had never seen before pure, radiant pride.That was it? I asked at last.She surprised me again with real amused laughter. That was it? she repeated. Rose, you were out there for almost an hour. You blew through that test with flying colorsprobably one of the best trials this schools ever seen.Really? It just seemed light wasnt quite the right word. It was a haze, thats all.My mom squeezed my hand. You were amazing. Im so, so proud of you.The realization of it all truly, truly hit me then, and I felt a smile of my own spreading over my lips. Now what happens? I asked.Now you become a guardian.Id been tattooed many times, but none of those events came close to the ceremony and fanfare that occurred while getting my promise mark. Before, Id received molnija marks for kills Id made in un evaluate, tragic circumstances fighting Strigoi in Spokane, the school attack and rescueevents that were cause for mourning, not celebration. Af ter all those kills, wed large-minded of lost count, and while guardian tattoo artists still tried to log every individual kill, theyd finally given me a asteroid mark that was a fancy way of saying wed lost count.Tattooing isnt a fast process, even if youre getting a small one, and my entire graduating class had to get them. The ceremony took place in what was usually the Academys dining room, a room they were able to remarkably transform into something as grand and elaborate as wed sire at the Royal Court. Spectatorsfriends, family, guardianspacked the room as Alberta called our names one at a time and read our dozens as we approached the tattoo artist. The scores were important. They would be made public and, along with our overall school grades, influence our assignments. Moroi could request certain grads for their guardians. Lissa had requested me, of course, but even the best scores in the world might not compensate for all the gloomy behavioral marks on my record.There w ere no Moroi at this ceremony, though, aside from the handful who had been invited as knobs by the new graduates. Everyone else gathered was a dhampir either one of the established guardians or about-to-become-guardians like me. The guests sat in the back, and the senior guardians sat near the front. My classmates and I stood the whole time, maybe as some sort of last test of endurance.I didnt mind. Id changed out of my torn and dirty clothes into simple slacks and a sweater, an outfit that seemed dressy while still retaining a solemn feel. It was a good call because the air in the room was thick with tension, all faces a mix of joy at our success but also anxiety about our new and deadly role in the world. I watched with shining eye as my friends were called up, surprised and impressed at many of the scores.Eddie Castile, a close friend, got a specially high score in one-on-one Moroi protection. I couldnt help a smile as I watched the tattooist give Eddie his mark. I wonder how h e got his Moroi over the bridge, I murmured in an undertone. Eddie was pretty resourceful.Beside me, another friend of mine, Meredith, gave me a puzzled look. What are you disgorgeing about? Her voice was equally soft.When we were chased onto the bridge with a Moroi. Mine was Daniel. She still looked composite, and I elaborated. And they put Strigoi on each side?I crossed the bridge, she whispered, but it was just me being chased. I took my Moroi through a maze.A glare from a nearby classmate closed in(p) us up, and I hid my frown. Maybe I wasnt the only one whod gone through the trial in a daze. Meredith had her concomitants screwed up.When my name was called, I heard a few gasps as Alberta read my scores. I had the highest in the class by far. I was kind of glad she didnt read my academic grades. They would have completely taken away some of the glory of the rest of my performance. Id always done well in my combat classes, but math and history well, those were a bit lacking, specially since I always seemed to be dropping in and out of school.My fuzz was pulled tightly into a bun, with every stray wisp held with whiskerpins so that the artist would have cipher to interfere with his work. I leaned forward to give him a good view and heard him grunt in surprise. With the back of my neck covered in marks, hed have to be tricky. Usually a new guardian provided a blank canvas. This guy was good, though, and managed to delicately place the promise mark in the center of the scruff of my neck after all. The promise mark looked like a long, stretched-out S, with curly ends. He fit it in between the molnija marks, letting it wrap around them like an embrace. The process hurt, but I kept my face blank, refusing to flinch. I was shown the final results in a mirror before he covered it up with a bandage so it would heal cleanly.After that, I rejoined my classmates and watched as the rest of them received their tattoos. It meant standing for another two hours, bu t I didnt mind. My brain was still reeling with everything that had happened today. I was a guardian. A real, honest-to-goodness guardian. And with that thought came questions. What would happen now? Would my scores be good enough to erase my record of bad behavior? Would I be Lissas guardian? And what about succeeder? What about Dimitri?I shifted uneasily as the full impact of the guardian ceremony hit me. This wasnt just about Dimitri and Victor. This was about meabout the rest of my life. School was over. I would no longer have teachers tracking my every move or correcting me when I made mistakes. All decisions would be on me when I was out protecting soulfulness. Moroi and young dhampirs would look to me as the authority. And I would no longer have the luxury of practicing combat one minute and lounging in my room the next. There were no clear-cut classes anymore. I would be on duty all the time. The thought was daunting, the pressure almost too great. Id always equated grad uation with dropdom. Now I wasnt so sure. What new shape was my life going to take? Who would decide? And how could I reach Victor if I was assigned to guard anyone besides Lissa?Across the room, I met Lissas eyes among the audience. They burned with a pride that matched my mothers, and she grinned when our gazes met.Get that look off your face, she chastised through the bond. You shouldnt look that anxious, not today. You need to celebrate.I knew she was right. I could handle what was to come. My worries, which were many, could wait one more dayparticularly since the exuberant predilection of my friends and family ensured that I would celebrate. Abe, with that influence he always seemed to wield, had secured a small banquet room and thrown a party for me that seemed more suited to a royal stag debutante, not some lowly, bold dhampir.Before the event, I changed yet again. Prettier party clothes now seemed more appropriate than the formal molnija ceremony outfit. I put on a short- sleeved, emerald special K wrap dress and hung my nazar around my neck, even though it didnt match. The nazar was a small pendant that looked like an eye, with different shades of blue circling it. In Turkey, where Abe came from, it was believed to offer protection. Hed given it to my mother years ago, and shed in turn given it to me.By the time Id put on makeup and brushed out my tangled hair into long, aristocratic waves (because my tattoo bandages didnt go with the dress at all), I hardly looked like someone capable of fighting monsters or even throwing a punch. Nothat wasnt quite true, I realized a moment later. Staring into the mirror, I was surprised to see a haunted look in my brown eyes. There was pain there, pain and loss that even the nicest dress and makeup couldnt hide.I ignored it and set off for the party, promptly running into Adrian as soon as I stepped outside my dorm. Without a word, he swept me into his arms and smothered me with a pamper. I was totally caught off guard. It figured. Undead creatures didnt surprise me, but one flippant royal Moroi could.And it was quite the osculate, one that I almost felt guilty about sinking into. Id had concerns when first dating Adrian, but many of them had departed over time. After watching him flirt shamelessly and take nothing seriously for so long, Id never expected to see such devotion from him in our relationship. I also hadnt expected to find my feelings for him growingwhich seemed so contradictory considering I still loved Dimitri and was concocting impossible ways to save him.I laughed when Adrian set me down. Nearby, a few younger Moroi had stopped to watch us. Moroi dating dhampirs wasnt super uncommon at our age, but a notorious dhampir dating the Moroi queens great-nephew? That was kind of out there peculiarly since it was widely known how much Queen Tatiana hated me. There had been few witnesses to my last meeting with her, when shed screamed at me to stay away from Adrian, but word of that kind of thing always gets around.Like the show? I asked our voyeurs. Realizing theyd been busted, the Moroi kids hastily continued on their way. I turned back to Adrian and smiled. What was that? It was kind of a big kiss to throw on me in public.That, he said grandly, was your reward for kicking so much ass in those trials. He paused. It was also because you look totally hot in that dress.I gave him a wry look. Reward, huh? Merediths boyfriend got her diamond earrings.He caught hold of my hand and gave an unconcerned shrug as we began to walk to the party. You indispensableness diamonds? Ill give you diamonds. Ill shower you in them. Hell, Ill get you a gown made out of them. But its going to be skimpy.I think Ill settle for the kiss after all, I said, imagining Adrian dressing me like a swimsuit model. Or a pole dancer. The jewelry reference also suddenly brought on an casteless memory. When Dimitri had held me captive in Siberia, lulling me into blissful complacency with his bites, hed showered me with jewelry too.I knew you were a badass, continued Adrian. A warm summer breeze ruffled the brown hair he so painstakingly styled each day, and with his free hand, he absentmindedly tried to arrange it back into place. But I didnt realize just how much until I saw you dropping guardians out there.Does that mean youre going to be nicer to me? I teased.Im already nice to you, he said loftily. Do you know how badly I want a cigarette right now? But no. I manfully suffer through nicotine withdrawalall for you. But I think seeing you out there will make me a little more careful around you. That barbaric dad of yours is kind of gonna make me cautious too.I groaned, recalling how Adrian and Abe had been sitting together. God. Did you really have to hang out with him?Hey, hes awesome. A little unstable, but awesome. We got along great. Adrian opened the door to the create we were seeking. And hes a badass in his way too. I mean, any other guy who wore scarves like that? Hed be laughed out of this school. Not Abe. Hed beat someone almost as badly as you would. In fact Adrians voice turned nervous. I gave him a surprised look.In fact what?Well Abe said he want me. But he also made it clear what hed do to me if I ever hurt you or did anything bad. Adrian grimaced. In fact, he described what hed do in very graphic detail. Then, just like that, he switched to some random, happy topic. I like the guy, but hes scary.Hes out of line I came to a halt outside the partys room. Through the door, I heard the buzz of conversation. We were apparently among the last to arrive. I guessed that meant Id be making a grand entrance fitting for the guest of honor. He has no right to threaten my boyfriends. Im eighteen. An adult. I dont need his help. I can threaten my boyfriends myself.My indignation amused Adrian, and he gave me a lazy smile. I agree with you. But that doesnt mean Im not going to take his advice seriously. My face is too pretty to risk.His face was pretty, but that didnt stop me from shaking my head in exasperation. I reached for the doors handle, but Adrian pulled me back.Wait, he said.He drew me into his arms again, our lips meeting in another hot kiss. My body pressed to his, and I found myself confused by my own feelings and the realization that I was reaching a point where I might want more than just kissing.Okay, said Adrian when wed finally low-pitched away. Now we can go in.He had that same light tone to his voice, but in his dark green eyes, I saw the kindling of passion. I wasnt the only one considering more than just kissing. So far, wed avoided discussing sex, and hed actually been very good about not pressuring me. I think he knew I just wasnt ready after Dimitri, but in moments like these, I could see just how difficult it was for Adrian to hold back.It softened something inside of me, and standing on my tiptoes, I gave him another kiss. What was that? he asked a few moments later.I grinned. Your reward .When we finally made it into the party, everyone in the room greeted me with cheers and proud smiles. A long time ago, Id thrived on being the center of attention. That desire had faded a little, but now, I put on a confident face and accepted my loved ones praise with smashing and happiness. I held up my hands triumphantly, earning more clapping and approval.My party was almost as much of a blur as my trials. You never really realize how many people care about you until they all turn out to support you. It made me feel humble and almost a little teary. I kept that to myself, though. I could hardly start crying at my own victory party.Everyone wanted to babble to me, and I was surprised and delighted each time some new person approached me. It wasnt often that I had all the people I loved best in one place, and, uneasily I realized this opportunity might never come again.Well, youve finally got a license to kill. Its about time.I turned and met the amused eyes of Christian Ozera, a one-time(prenominal) annoyance whod become a good friend. So good, in fact, that in my joyous zeal, I reached out and hugged himsomething he clearly didnt expect. I was surprising everyone today.Whoa, whoa, he said backing up, flushing. It figures. Youre the only girl whod get all emotional about the thought of killing. I dont even want to think about what goes on when you and Ivashkov are alone.Hey, look whos talking. Youre itching to get out there yourself.Christian shrugged by way of agreement. It was a standard rule in our world Guardians protected Moroi. Moroi didnt get involved in battles. Yet after recent Strigoi attacks, a lot of Moroithough hardly a majorityhad begun to argue that it was time for Moroi to step up and start helping the guardians. Fire users like Christian were particularly valuable since burning was one of the best ways to kill a Strigoi (along with staking and decapitation). The movement to teach Moroi to fight was currentlyand purposelystalled in the Moroi government, but that hadnt stopped some Moroi from practicing in secret. Christian was one of them. Glancing beside him, I blinked in astonishment. There was someone with him, someone Id hardly noticed.Jill Mastrano hovered near him like a shadow. A Moroi freshmanwell, soon to be a sophomoreJill had come forward as someone who also wanted to fight. She had sort of become Christians student.Hey Jill, I said, giving her a warm smile. Thanks for coming.Jill flushed. She was determined to learn to defend herself, but she grew flustered among othersparticularly around celebrities like me. Rambling was her nervous reaction. I had to, she said, brushing her long, light brown hair out of her face. Like always, it was a tangle of curls. I mean, its so cool what you did. At the trials. Everyone was amazed. I heard one of the guardians saying that theyd never seen anything like you, so when Christian asked if I wanted to come, of course I had to. Oh Her light green eyes went wide. I didn t even tell you congratulations. Sorry. Congratulations.Beside her, Christian struggled to keep a straight face. I made no such attempts and laughingly gave her a hug too. I was in serious danger of turning warm and fuzzy. Id probably get my tough guardian status revoked if I kept this up. Thanks. be you two ready to take on a Strigoi army yet?Soon, said Christian. But we might need your backup. He knew as well as I did that Strigoi were way out of their league. His fire magic had helped me a lot, but on his own? Thatd be a different story. He and Jill were teaching themselves to use magic offensively, and when Id had time between classes, Id taught them a few combat moves.Jills face fell a little. Its going to stop once Christians gone.I turned to him. It was no surprise hed be leaving. Wed all be leaving. What are you going to do with yourself? I asked.He shrugged. Go to Court with the rest of you. Aunt Tasha says were going to have a talk about my future. He grimaced. Whatever h is plans were, it looked like they werent the same as Tashas. Most royal Moroi would head off to elite colleges. I wasnt sure what Christian had in mind.It was standard practice after graduation for new guardians to go to the Moroi Royal Court for orientation and to get their assignments. We were all due to leave in a couple of days. Following Christians gaze, I saw his aunt across the room, and so help me, she was talking to Abe.Tasha Ozera was in her late twenties, with the same glossy black hair and ice blue eyes that Christian had. Her beautiful face was marred, however, by some terrible scarring on one sidethe result of injuries inflicted by Christians own parents. Dimitri had been turned into a Strigoi against his will, but the Ozeras had purposely chosen to turn for the sake of immortality. It had ironically cost them their lives when the guardians hunted them down. Tasha had raised Christian (when he wasnt at school) and was one of the main leaders in the movement supporting those Moroi who wanted to fight Strigoi.Scar or not, I admired her and still thought she was beautiful. From my petulant fathers attitude, it was clear he did too. He poured her a glass of champagne and said something that made her laugh. She leaned forward, like she was telling him a secret, and he laughed in return. My jaw dropped. horizontal from this far away, it was obvious they were flirting.Dear God, I said with a shudder, hastily turning back to Christian and Jill.Christian seemed torn between smugness at my soreness and his own unease at watching a woman he regarded as a mother get hit upon by a buccaneer mobster guy. A moment later, Christians expression softened as he turned back to Jill and continued our conversation.Hey, you dont need me, he said. Youll find others around here. Youll have your own superhero club before you know it.I found myself smiling again, but my kindly feelings were suddenly shattered by a jolt of jealousy. It wasnt my own, though. It was Lissa s, coming through the bond. Startled, I glanced around and spotted her across the room, giving Christian the look of death as he spoke to Jill.Its worth mentioning that Christian and Lissa used to date. More than date. Theyd been deeply in love, and honestly, they kind of still were. Unfortunately, recent events had badly strained their relationship, and Christian had broken up with her. Hed loved her but had lost his perpetrate in her. Lissa had spun out of control when another spirit user named Avery Lazar had sought to control her. Wed eventually stopped Avery, and she was currently locked away in a mental institution, last Id heard. Christian now knew the reasons for Lissas horrible behavior, but the damage was done. Lissa had initially been depressed, but her sorrow had now turned to anger.She claimed she wanted nothing to do with him anymore, but the bond gave her away. She was always jealous of any girl he talked toparticularly Jill, whom hed been spending a lot of time with lately. I knew for a fact there was nothing romantic going on there. Jill idolized him as some wise teacher, nothing more. If she had a crush on anyone, it was Adrian, who always treated her like a kid sister. We all kind of did, really.Christian followed my gaze, and his expression hardened. Realizing she had his attention, Lissa immediately turned away and began talking to the first guy she found, a liberal dhampir from my class. She turned on the flirtatious charm that came so easily to spirit users, and soon, both of them were laughing and chatting in a way similar to Abe and Tasha. My party had turned into a round of speed dating.Christian turned back to me. Well, looks like shes got plenty to keep her busy.I rolled my eyes. Lissa wasnt the only one who was jealous. Just as she grew angry whenever he hung out with other girls, Christian became prickly when she spoke to other guys. It was infuriating. Rather than admit they still had feelings and just needed to patch things up , those two idiots just kept displaying more and more hostility toward each other.Will you stop already and actually try to talk to her like a keen-sighted person someday? I groaned.Sure, he said bitterly. The day she starts acting like a rational person.Oh my God. You guys are going to make me rip my hair out.Itd be a waste of nice hair, said Christian. Besides, shes made her attitude perfectly clear.I started to protest and tell him how stupid he was, but he had no intention of sticking around to hear a lecture Id already given a dozen times.Come on, Jill, he said. Rose inevitably to mingle more.He quickly stepped away, and I had half a mind to go beat some sense into him when a new voice spoke.When are you going to fix that? Tasha was standing next to me, shaking her head at Christians retreat. Those two need to be back together.I know that. You know that. But they cant seem to get it through their heads.Well, youd better get on it, she said. If Christian goes to college across the country, itll be too late. There was a dryand exasperated telephone line in her voice when she mentioned Christian going to college.Lissa was going to Lehigh, a university near the Court, per an arrangement with Tatiana. Lissa would get to attend a bigger university than Moroi usually went to, in swop for spending time at the Court and learning the royal trade.I know, I said in exasperation. But why am I the one who has to fix it?Tasha grinned. Because youre the only one forceful enough to make them see reason.I decided to let Tashas insolence go, mostly because her talking to me meant that she wasnt talking to Abe. Glancing across the room, I suddenly stiffened. He was now talking to my mother. Snatches of their conversation came to me through the noise.Janine, he said winningly, you havent aged a day. You could be Roses sister. Do you remember that night in Cappadocia?My mother actually giggled. I had never heard her do that before. I decided I never wanted to again. Of cour se. And I remember how dullard you were to help me when my dress strap broke.Dear God, I said. Hes unstoppable.Tasha looked puzzled until she saw what I was talking about. Abe? Hes actually pretty charming.I groaned. Excuse me.I headed toward my parents. I accepted that theyd once had a romanceone that led to my conceptionbut that didnt mean I wanted to watch them relive it. They were recounting some walk on the beach when I reached them. I promptly tugged Abes arm away. He was standing way too close to her.Hey, can I talk to you? I asked.He looked surprised but shrugged. Certainly. He gave my mother a knowing smile. Well talk more later.Is no woman safe around here? I demanded as I led him away.What are you talking about?We came to a stop by the punch bowl. Youre flirting with every woman in this roomMy chastising didnt faze him. Well, there are so many lovely women here. Is that what you wanted to talk to me about?No I wanted to talk to you about threatening my boyfriend. You had no right to do that.His dark eyebrows shot up. What, that? That was nothing. Just a father looking out for his daughter.Most fathers dont threaten to reap their daughters boyfriends.Thats not true. And anyway, thats not what I actually said. It was much worse.I sighed. He seemed to delight in my exasperation.Think of it as a graduation gift. Im proud of you. Everyone knew youd be good, but no one knew youd be that good. He winked. They certainly didnt expect you to destroy their property.What property?The bridge.I frowned. I had to. It was the most efficient way. God, that was a boeuf of a challenge. Whatd the other grads do? They didnt actually fight in the middle of that thing, did they?Abe shook his head, loving every minute of his original knowledge. No one else was put in that situation.Of course they were. We all face the same tests.Not you. While planning the trials, the guardians decided you needed something extra. Something special. After all, youd been out fighting in t he real world.What? The volume of my voice caught the attention of a few others. I lowered it, and Merediths earlier words came back to me. Thats not fairHe didnt seem concerned. Youre superior to the others. Making you do easy things wouldnt have been fair.Id faced a lot of ridiculous things in my life, but this was pretty out there. So they had me do that crazy bridge stunt instead? And if they were surprised I cut it, then what the hell else did they expect me to do? How else was I supposed to survive that?Hmm. He stroked his chin absentmindedly. I honestly dont think they knew.Oh, for Gods sake. This is unbelievable.Why are you so mad? You passed.Because they put me in a situation they didnt even know how to get out of. I gave him a suspicious look. And how do you even know about this? This is all guardian business.An expression I didnt like at all came over his face. Ah, well, I was with your mother last night andWhoa, okay. Just stop, I interrupted. I do not want to hear what you and my mother were doing last night. I think thatd be worse than the bridge.He grinned. Both are in the past, so no need to worry now. Enjoy your success.Ill try. Just dont do me any more favors with Adrian, okay? I mean, Im glad you came to support me, but thats more than enough.Abe gave me a canny look, reminding me that underneath that swagger he was indeed a shrewd and parlous man. You were more than happy to have me do you a favor after your return from Russia.I grimaced. He had a point, seeing as he had managed to get a message into a high-security prison. Even if it hadnt led to anything, he still got points.Okay, I admitted. That was pretty amazing. And Im grateful. I still dont know how you pulled that off. Suddenly, like a hallucination you recall a day later, I remembered the thought Id had just before my trials. I lowered my voice. You didnt actually go there, did you?He snorted. Of course not. I wouldnt set foot in that place. I simply worked my network.Where is t hat place? I asked, hoping I sounded bland.He wasnt fooled. Why do you want to know?Because Im curious Convicted criminals always disappear without a trace. Im a guardian now, and I dont even know anything about our own prison system. Is there just one prison? Are there lots?Abe didnt answer right away. He was studying me carefully. In his business, he suspected everyone of ulterior motives. As his daughter, I was probably doubly suspect. It was in the genes.He must have underestimated my potential for insanity because he said at last, Theres more than one. Victors in one of the worst. Its called Tarasov.Where is it?Right now? He considered. In Alaska, I think.What do you mean, right now?It moves throughout the year. Right now its in Alaska. Later, itll be in Argentina. He gave me a sly smile, apparently wondering how astute I was. Can you guess why?No, Iwait. Sunlight. It made perfect sense. Alaskas got almost nonstop daylight this time of yearbut nonstop night in the winter.I thin k he was prouder of my realization than of my trials. Any prisoners trying to escape would have a hard time. In full sun, no Moroi fugitive would get very far. Not that anyone can escape through that level of security anyway. I tried to ignore how foreboding that sounded.Seems like theyd put it pretty far north in Alaska then, I said, hoping to worm out the actual location indirectly. You get more light that way.He chuckled. Even I cant tell you that. Thats learning the guardians keep close, buried in their headquarters.I froze. HeadquartersAbe, despite being usually observant, didnt notice my reaction. His eyes were watching something across the room. Is that Renee Szelsky? My, my shes grown lovely over the years.I grudgingly waved him away, largely because I wanted to chase this new plan in my mindand because Renee wasnt anyone I knew very well, which made him hitting on her less appalling. Well, dont let me stop you. Go lure more women into your web.Abe didnt need much prodding. Alone, I let my brain spin, wondering if my developing scheme had any chance of success. His words had sparked a new plan in my mind. It wasnt much crazier than most of my others. Across the room, I met Lissas jade eyes again. With Christian out of sight, her mood had improved. She was enjoying herself and was excited about the adventures ahead of us, now that we were free and out in the world. My mind flashed back to the anxieties Id felt earlier in the day. We might be free now, but reality would catch up with us soon. The clock was ticking. Dimitri was waiting, watching. I wondered briefly if Id still get his weekly letters, now that Id be leaving the school.I smiled at her, feeling kind of bad that Id be ruining her mood when I told her we might now have a very real chance of busting out Victor Dashkov.

The American Psychiatric Association

Bulimia is an take in dis smart set and hoi polloi affected by binge- take in syndrome be abnormally self conscious and worry excessively just about their physical appearance and weight. Their paranoid concern causes to consume excessive amounts of aliment in short periods of time. Moreover, much(prenominal) people indulge in self induced excrete, guy of diuretics and excessive exercise in order to reduce their weight. The American Psychiatric Association classified the bulimia disorder as a erratic disorder of its class in the year 1980. Subsequently in 1987 it changed the name of this disorder to bulimia nervosa.Occasionally the characteristics of bulimia are be in cases of persons suffering from anorexia nervosa. Abnormal dieting patterns are the primary behavioral symptoms found among patients suffering from anorexia nervosa however, the extensive loss of weight cannot be attributed to bulimia. It has been observed that Bulimia causes gastrointestinal disorders and se vere depletion of yard in the human body. The process of self induced vomiting essences in the damage of the teeth adorn, delinquent to the acidic nature of the vomited food.Adolescents are the primary targets of bulimia disorder, because they undergo severe psychological depression if they are overweight (Bulimia, 2005). Bulimia causes dehydration, malnutrition and mineral imbalances. Insufficient and irregular supply of minerals and fluids may cause damage to mavin cells, muscles, reproductive tract, bowels, stomach and other organs of the body. Sometimes severe heart problems may also result from bulimia and some of these problems are arrhythmias, congestive heart failure and sudden death.Moreover, repeated vomiting results in damage to the throat and esophagus, furthermore, it has been observed that individuals who indulge in self induced vomiting are retrograde in their academic career (Reyes, 2006). According to medical history, cases of illness imputable to bulimia had not been account before 1980. Subsequent researchers noticed that there were a considerable number of people who were accustomed to eating large quantities of food within a short period of time.Moreover, these people being unable to hold in the excessive gain of body weight were in the habit of adopting methods of self induced vomiting in order to control their weight. The name bulimia is used to render the eating patterns of overweight people and to describe their episodes of overindulgence in eating food. After such episodes of overeating, bulimics attempt to get rid of the extra calories imbibed by them by consuming laxatives. Some bulimics engage in excessive exercise and abstention of food for longsighted periods of time.Subsequent to the end of the fast period bulimics consume large amounts of food, which would cause a rupture of the stomach. Vomiting the consumed food could cause chemical imbalance in the body. Bulimarexia is the term used to describe people of low-tone d body weight who overindulge in eating and then get rid of the food eaten by consuming laxatives or by self induced vomiting (The Medical Complications of Bulimia). The oligomenorrhea in patients with bulimia affects debone mineral slow-wittedness, however, weight bearing exercises could prove to be beneficial.Thus the ever present riskiness of osteoporosis could be rock-bottom to an appreciable extent by resorting to regular exercise (Bulimia Nervosa ). Several studies have determined that people with eating disorders have weak bone and suffer from osteoporosis due to inadequate nutrition. Persons suffering from such eating disorders had in two ways the risk of infection of suffering from osteoporosis and fractures of the bones. Moreover, such eating disorders result in malnutrition for prolonged periods of time and this brings about a gradual erosion of the bone mass and continued nutritional deficits.Eating disorders, therefore present an enhanced risk of bone fractures d ue to the damage caused to the human skeleton (Goebel, Schweiger, & Kruger, 2002). Consequences of bulimia include the disturbance of the vital chemical balance of the body fluids and the electrolyte balance. The potassium and calcium levels in the body are drastically depleted due to self induced vomiting and the shout of laxatives. The vicious cycle of overindulgence in food and incidental use of laxatives or self induced vomiting results in heart problems, damage to the kidneys and the originator and osteoporosis.Other contraindications are fatigue, depression, sore muscles, faintness, over sensitivity to cold and a susceptibility to gain weight. These symptoms are most rough-cut in bulimics as their blood glucose level fluctuates constantly due to overeating food containing carbohydrates (The Medical Complications of Bulimia). Furthermore, vomiting disturbs the intricate message system that aids a person to stop eating at the seize time. Frequent self induced vomiting confu ses the flair in properly maintaining the responsive system and this causes the brain to fail to ascertain whether the food consumed is to be retained or not.Such confusion of the brains activity results in perpetual eating habits. Vomiting food restricts the serotonin levels of the brain and these levels are associated with the positive states of brain and help the person to be in a happy mood. Self induced vomiting and the abuse of laxatives results in the irritation of the gastrointestinal tract and this irritation could prove to be fatal in later stages. Excessive eating and subsequent induced vomiting cause swollen salivary glands and erosion of the enamel of the teeth.Vomiting causes a sore throat that leads to severe bleeding of the esophagus. (The Medical Complications of Bulimia). The functionality of the stomach is seriously impaired and the abuse of laxative drugs causes permanent damage to the lining of the bowels affecting their normal functioning. Thus people who ab use laxatives better problems like the bloating of the stomach, constipation and diarrhea in the long run (The Medical Complications of Bulimia).Moreover, bulimia has several pernicious effects on the human body like frequent weight changes, poor skin condition, pilus loss, irregularity in menstruation periods, loss of libido, tiredness and lethargy, and increased risk of heart related problems and the danger of a heart attack (What is Bulimia Nervosa? ). References Bulimia. (2005). Microsoft Encarta 2006 DVD . Redmond, WA Microsoft Corporation. Bulimia Nervosa . (n. d. ). Retrieved June 27, 2007, from http//www. healthyplace. com/Communities/Eating_Disorders/women_6. asp Goebel, G. , Schweiger, U. , & Kruger, R. (2002).Predictors of bone mineral density in patients with eating disorders. The International journal of eating disorders , Vol. 32. Iss. 4. ISSN 0276 3478. Reyes, A. P. (2006, January 12). Bulimia. Retrieved June 27, 2007, from Discover Health http//health. discovery. com/encyclopedias/illnesses. html? chrome= no(prenominal)&article=2817&page=2 The Medical Complications of Bulimia. (n. d. ). Retrieved June 27, 2007, from http//www. eating-disorders. org. uk/docs/bulimia. doc What is Bulimia Nervosa? (n. d. ). Retrieved June 27, 2007, from http//www. b-eat. co. uk/AboutEatingDisorders/WhatisanEatingdisorder/WhatisBulimiaNervosa