European History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

European History - Essay Example The ideas of these same great leaders, however, triggered the outbreak of two great wars – the American and the French Revolutions – in the latter part of the 1700s. These people had high regard for man, being superior over all of God’s creations because of his ability to reason. Relatively, they contrasted reason with what they believed were in dominance during the Middle Ages – the uncritical acceptance of authority, together with superstition and ignorance. These individuals also blamed the leaders of the Roman Catholic Church for keeping the people in the dark in order to satisfy their personal ambition, which was to stay in power. Among the products of the Enlightenment Age was Francois-Marie Arouet, popularly known as Voltaire. A native of Paris, France, and a son of a lawyer, Voltaire studied in a Jesuit school wherein most students came from the nobility. His company was sought by the Paris society due to his extraordinary ability to write verses, as well as his ability to make people laugh and because of his natural cleverness. Voltaire became extremely wealthy through inheritance and wise investment. He also became popular and was considered to be the greatest French playwright of his time. However, in 1726, his success came to an end when the Chevalier de Rohan a young and influential nobleman had him beaten by his men before having him thrown into the Bastille again as prisoner. According to historians, it all started when the Chevalier de Rohan asked for Voltaire’s name in a mocking manner; the former’s question implied that the latter was claiming to be of noble descent when in fact he was nothing but a commoner. During the time he was in prison, Voltaire was allowed to choose between remaining a prisoner in France or to be put on exile. Upon choosing the latter, Voltaire left France and lived in England for three years, where he found

The Reward strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Reward strategy - Essay Example The case study "The Reward strategy" discusses the development of a talented pool of personnel and the retention of those personnel is now becoming one of the primary focuses of the HR department in any sound business. Classic Travel need to put systems into place that attract, retain, and develop talent. The case study highlights that these systems also have the double-duty of keeping the job itself interesting and exciting for the staff. Programs such as those that rotate employees between different kinds of units within the organisation, that encourage directed learning as well as promoting interagency communication across the entire company are becoming an integral part to any business unit. Furthermore, the HR department must develop a system of recognition and reward for the staff in regards to their contributions to the agency. Furthermore, on a practical level Classic Travel, nor any company, can give out reward without some return on that investment. They would need to examine the overall cost of the reward system as compared to the overall benefits not only to the employee but to the company as well. Being a travel agency which provides exclusive city breaks and short holidays to all major European countries. The case study emphasizes that Classic Travel may be able to combine work and reward in one package. For instance a yearly training session could be held in Morocco, or some other vacation site where a three day training could also provide some much needed fun and even team building experiences. The company could pay travel training expenses and even base accommodations on a reward basis. Those staff with more customers or bigger increases in their overall business may get a private suite, and so on.

Undertake a Project Essay Example for Free

Undertake a Project Essay Q1. A project is a defined set of planned and managed activities carried out for a period of time, which has a defined start and end time. (State of New South Wales, Dep of Education and Training 2013, Topic 1, p.1) E.g. the erection of bus stop shelters on all bus stops in the suburb of Wellwish. The features of a project include: * Having a defined beginning and end date. (The project will run for approximately 7 months) * It has unique purpose with specific objectives that meet the client’s goals and requirements within specified quality and performance criteria. (The bus shelters will provide protection from the sun and rain in summer and rainy for bus commuters in the suburb). * Uses resources, such as money, time, people and equipment that have been allocated to the project. (This project will be go source of income to the local community as they will be employed to undertake most of the work) * Usually follows a planned and structured approach to meet their objectives. (The will be road and foot path closures in the areas where the construction of the bus shelter will be, but there will be notices in advance of which roads will be affected. This will minimise any unforseen accident from the members of the Wellwish suburb). * Have a primary sponsor or stakeholders who provide directions and funding. (Apart from the local council being the main sponsor of this project, the local community will be given up-to-date information on the progress of this project and any disruptions which might occur in the process). Q2 1.Planning Originates Controlling: In planning process, the objectives or targets are to be set, and to achieve those goals, control process is required. So we can say that Planning precedes control. 2. Control sustains planning: Controlling directs the course of planning. Controlling spots the areas where planning is required. 3. Controlling provides information for planning: In controlling, the performance is compared with standards and deviations, if any, are to be recorded. The information collected during any type of control, is used for planning also. 4. Planning and control are inter-related: Planning is the initial step of a project and controlling is in the process and required at every step. For the same both are dependent upon each other and inter-related. 5. Both are forward looking: Planning is always for the future and control is forward looking. No one has the control on past, it is only the future, which can be controlled. There are tools which will be using in the smooth operation of the project of erection of bus shelters in the suburb of Wellwish. In this project I have decided to use three tools which will assist us in the planning and controlling of activities throughout the duration the project, they are the work breakdown schedule (WBS), the Gantt chart and the critical path method. THE WORK BREAKDOWN SCHEDULE (WBS): This tool will help us high light the goals of the project, its objectives, its tasks and sub-tasks and all the work activities which will be undertaken during the construction the bus shelters in the suburb (State of New South Wales, Dep of Education and Training 2013, Topic 2, p.12). THE GANTT CHARTS: This is the most used chart in most projects undertaken. They will be used to demonstrate various forms of project schedule information during the construction of the bus shelters. This chart will help us to see if the anticipated start and finish dates for the activities called for in a plan are on schedule. (Cole,2013, pp.505).They will be represented in a series of horizontal bars or lines in a given month/months. CRITICAL PATH METHODS This tool will be used to analyse the duration of the project by calculating the longest path within the project i.e which task will take the shortest period and longest period to complete. This will help us to focus and manage closely the task which might take long to complete (State of New South Wales, Dep of Education and Training 2013, Topic 2, p.14). Q3 Initiation A solid project initiation will not only set your project up for success but it will also lay the groundwork for all future stages. During initiation, I will get the project team members assigned, brief them on the overall project goals and ask the client or project owner as many questions as possible so you can plan the project efficiently. This is also a great time to build team enthusiasm about the project and collect any last minute details that might influence project planning. (Stricker, 2013) Planning Once I have initiated the project and gathered all relevant information, I will then begin planning the project. Katie Stricker (2013) explains that the planning stage will depends on the size of the project, how much information i have to organize and how large your team is. The end result of planning should be a clear project plan or schedule, from which everyone will follow their assigned tasks. Using a project-planning program such as Microsoft Project or Basecamp will be extremely helpful when planning a project. I will be using Excel and Word to create my plan and communicate it to the team will be the most effective way. Execution This is stage in which the team can begin executing the project against their assigned tasks (Stricker, 2013). This is the stage where everyone actually starts doing the work. I will officially kick-off the execution stage with in-person meetings to ensure everyone has what they need to begin executing their part of the project. Getting the team started on the right track is essential to project’s success, so a well-articulated schedule and communications plan will made clearly to all the team members. Monitor and Control While the project is in the execution stage, i will begin monitoring and controlling it to ensure its proceeding along as planned. There are a variety of ways I will be monitoring and controlling the project. Casual check-ins with team leaders, organized daily stand-ups† or more formal weekly status meetings are effective. The information that comes out of these meetings or communication channels will inform the feedback loop and ultimately any re-planning and adjustments that will be necessary to the project (Stricker, 2013). Project Close Once all the details and tasks of the project are complete and approved by the council of Wellwish, then I will finally close the project. The closing of a project is just as important as its initiation, planning and execution. I will be documenting all the information from the project and organize it neatly so if there will be need to go back to it, the information will be readily available. This will be also a good time to hold a review on the project so all team members can reflect on what went right, or wrong during the project. This should also be documented so the outcome can be shared with other project members and filed in a project history fold (Stricker, 2013). KEY ES| | EF| S| | | LS| | LF| PART 2 Activities of the critical path. 1| B| 6| 5| $45| | 6| 5| 11| 6| D| 10| 5| $52| | 11| 4| 13| 10| F| 14| 4| $56| | 14| 4| 18| 18| H| 20| 0| $30| | 18| 2| 20| 0| A| 1| 5| $20| | 5| 1| 6| 3| E| 5| 8| $40| | 11| 2| 13| 10| G| 13| 3| $36| | 13| 3| 16| 1| C| 3| 8 | $30| | 9 | 2| 11| 16| I| 20| 0| $60| | 16| 4| 20| (S=LF-EF or S= LS-ES) Cost ($000’s) b) The duration of the critical path was 6 months Activity| 1m| 2ms| 3ms| 4ms| 5ms| 6ms| 7ms| 8ms| 9ms| 10ms| 11ms| 12ms| 13ms| 14ms| 15ms| 16ms| 17ms| 18ms| 19ms| 20ms| A| $20| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | B| | $45| $45| $45| $45| $45| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | C| | $30| $30| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | D| | | | | | | $52| $52| $52| $52| | | | | | | | | | | E| | | | $40| $40| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | F| | | | | | | | | | | $56| $56| $56| $56| | | | | | | G| | | | | | | | | | | $36| $36| $36| | | | | | | | H| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | $30| $30| | | | | I| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | $60| $60| $60| $60| Cost ($000’s) REFERENCE LIST: Stricker, Katie 2013, The five stages of a project, Viewed 09/09/13, http://www.management.about.com/od/projectmanagement/a/Five-Stages-of-a-Project.htm Cole,K 2013, Management: theory and practice, 5th edn Pearson Australia, NSW State of New South Wales, Department of Education and Training, 2013, Define project, TAFE NSW, Sydney, NSW State of New South Wales, Department of Education and Training, 2013, Develop project plans, TAFE NSW, Sydney, NSW

Modernity and Modernism in Literature

Modernity and Modernism in Literature 1.2. Modernity and Modernism The first seeds to modernist literature were implanted with the emergence of modernity. Modernity is a post traditional or post-medieval historical period that characterized a radical shift away from traditions. It is the epoch marking the rise of the age of reason which began with the Enlightenment (About 1687 to 1789). Scientists such as Immanuel Kant, Renà © Descartes and most importantly Isaac Newton believed that through science the world could be saved and that through reason they can establish a foundation of universal truth. Modernity was also brought to light by political leaders such as Niccolà ² Machiavelli who believed that peace could be established with reason resulting major movements such as Capitalism, Industrialism and Urbanization. Post Modernity as a theory evolved around criticizing modernity and what modernity stands for, it criticizes industrialization and the effects that last one had on the peasants in the fields and the workers in factories, and the power capitalists had over the people.(Barret 17-18). In other words, postmodern refers to a time of interfused styles, mixed cultural layers, oddly merging traditions and multi-cultural pluralism. (Bradbury WII) Modernism as described by Barth is a term that describes the modernist movement; it was a revolt against the conservative values of realism. Modernism is often understood through the work of authors who were productive after the turn of the twentieth century. Writers such as T.S Eliot, Ezra Pounds and James Joyce allowed it to be historically and politically understood in their literary works. (Childs 5) 1.2.1 Modernist literature Modern literature is a literature that flourished in the new capitalist art market during a period of time where writers were no longer pointed when it comes to what they write neither by the church nor by monarchies. They also no longer had to answer to the old system of artistic patronage; to the contrary, they signified their allegiance to all what is new. (Hutchens-Suggs 20). The First World War showed artists how ridiculous life could be, Life was not fair to Europeans and continued to be with the Second World War taking the lives of over 50 million person and damaging the understructure of Europe unsling it from what was generally referred to as the Belle Époque . Later on and when the flames of war finally came to end, this period was seen as a period of calm before the storm. (Ara Mergian CNN.com- November 9, 2014 The modernist artistic movement is an intellectual movement that broke aesthetic and social boundaries. It appeared in the early 20th century and aimed to uncover invisible systems and unconscious codes or rules by explaining various phenomena using attractive and coherent style in writing, painting, sculpture and all artistic and creative performances (Barret 22). Modernists referred to themselves as avant-garde, they were rebellious against restrictions, had a futuristic vision and no limitation when challenging social values. 1.2.2 Modernist Aesthetics and Criticism To some, Modernist art is old and even finished, but that isnt completely true since it was once very progressive, bringing a new art for a new age under of the cape of a social and economical revolution that swept over the, new back then, urban and industrial Europe(Barret P 20). One of the most important specifications of modernism was that it abolished the idea of beauty as the ideal of art (Atkins 56). Malcom Brudbury said One of the defining features of modernism has been the breaking down of traditional frontier of matters of literary and cultural concern ( p114). Artists dropped subject matters as essentials and writers changed their presented works as rapidly as the intellectual life was changing. Poets likewise sought to account for the rapid changes. Due to its difficulties, modernist poetry is hard to enjoy having a wider and less comprehensive sense (Marry Warner 1 2) Artists eliminated the need to have an artwork be different from ordinary objects; they made an unofficial statement that beauty has no established scale to be acknowledged. Douglas Crimp (1990) argued that the demise was brought about by the invention of photography which allowed the reproduction of images mechanically including art images stripping away from the artwork its uniqueness. Other critics see that aestitic revolutions of modernism are formed by the expansion of the comprehensive system of globalized world open to outer cultures and regions (Child 31). 1.3 JAMES JOYCE (1882 1941) James Joyce was, and still is, a major figure of modernism. The famous writer was born on the 2nd of February 1882 at 41 Brington Square West in Rathgar and was named James Augustin Joyce after his great grandfather and grandfather (Noris 59). James was born to a Catholic family but he had always been a rebellion, he rebelled against his father who encouraged him into becoming a priest and choose, or might have been destined to, become a literatures crooked genius (Philips 191). He subsequently studied languages and philosophy at Clongowes Wood and Belvedere Colleges. Coming from a middle-class family, James was brilliant; Hildegard Tristman considered him to be A writer who lost his brain to forgetting (Tristman 230). Needless were notebooks, his memory was so good that he could retrieve any information he heard or read at any moment. The name Joyce is derived from the French word joyeux and James was supposed to hold the holly spirit of joy. He mostly referred to himself as James Joyceless,a Joy of Evil and as Joyce in the wilderness (Ellmann 12). Growing-up, James was a well-behaved, slim little boy with a set of blue eyes and a pale face. Doing his Jesuit masters, James didnt feel at ease with their teaching techniques but later on in his life when he was asked by August Suter about what he retained from his years in Jetsuit he replied :I have learned to arrange things in such a way that they become easy to survey and to judge (Ellmann 27).He got from Jesuits his hairy platonic idealism and the grounded Aristotelian realism as the question of his Catholic faith was raised by father Daly who indicated that his religious and spiritual manifestations were mysterious(Philip P4) Joyce was head of his class at Clongowes, his memory was absolute, and he was a good athlete too, playing Rugby and Cricket. The fascinating boy came back home with several cups (P 30). James was keen of music and all sorts of art that he took Piano lessons as well. The family had serious financial problems and that did impel James to move closer to Dublin. John Joyce, James father, sold many properties of his in order to provide a better life for his children. The caring father with a pension of  £132 a year struggled to provide comestible, pay school tuitions for the children and to keep a roof over their heads after moving to The Lionville house at Carysford Avenue, Blackrock. The stress caused by the economical difficulties affected James  starting from his teen-years that some indicated a flair of drama in his personality and thats when he attained a reputation for being spiritual and conscious of everything happening around him. At Belever, Joyce acquired Italian as a third language to go with Latin and French pursuing to read European literature at the expense of his own grades. In 1897 and by love for art and need to help his family, James participated in the Intermediate Examinations and received an exhibition of  £30 a year and  £3 prize for best English composition in his grade in Ireland (P 51). In the fall of 1898 James attended University College, Dublin from wich he graduated in 1902. During this time, Dublin was a town with many important pillars of literature such as William Butler Yeat, Lady Augusta Gregory, James Clarence and George Moore walking its street. James was influenced by all these writers especially Yeats whom he met privately in early October 1902 on the streets of Dublin and had a deepened conversation with. That strongly showed on his statement of method and intention and the way in which he strongly defended all what is temporary and modern. On April 1900 Ibsens New Drama by James A Joyce was published on the Fortnightly Review and after that, James was no longer an Irishman, he was European. Graduating from U.C Dublin, James main focus was to travel; his targeted city was Paris were he didnt reside easily. At that time, his fame and readership were not  particularly widespread (Goldman 84). To stay there was a pointless move so, so he went home for Christmas and then decided to stay when he knew of his mothers health issues. His mother died on August 13th, 1903. After this tragedy, Joyce focused more on making reviews for the Irish Homestead magazine and during this time he met Nora Barnacle and the two moved to Pola in late 1094 where he occupied a teaching position at Berlitz school. The next few years were difficult for James who suffered from financial problems and a major drinking problem too. After that he became disconnected from the people around him. Eventually Joyce, Nora and their child settled into a new life in Paris where he finally was able publish Ulysses but continued to have problems, this time health problems especially with his sightedness (Ellman 2 25-229). Difficulties continued to cross Johns path as his relationship with publishing houses delayed Dubliners from emerging for a decade. Better days were yet to come as he gained an award from the Royal Literary Found in 1915 followed with the publication of A Portrait of the Artist as Young Man in 1916. His work as a whole, Ulysses and Finnegans Wake predominately served to change the face of novels; they represented a playful mixture of English and other languages and novels completely free from the limitations of normal consciousness. James was a relentlessly autobiographical writer, a man who never doubted himself and in August 1929 his self-esteem extended even more as he was praised by George Moore who wrote to John Elton, He (Joyce) was distinguished,  courteous, respectful, and I was the same. During their short encounter in London Moore said, I have been only a revolutionary, while you have been a heroic revolutionary, for you had no money (Ellman 617). On January 1935, James moved along with his entourage back to Paris. He didnt feel as blind as Homer, nor as exiled as Dante having as many friends as he did. They moved again to southern France but eventually settled again in Zurich. On January 9th 1941 James was hospitalized, the doctor assured him that he didnt have cancer and that he needed an immediate surgery which George, his father offered to pay for saying well manage Somehow or other (Welcker 53). The surgery was successful as he recovered consciousness but at one Oclock in the morning he relapsed into coma. At 2:15 on January 13,1941, one of the most influential writers of the twentieth century died leaving behind a considerable amount of scholarly interesting works(Cope, Cope 2). 1.4 DUBLINERS James Joyces Dubliners is a collection of stories that aims to portray middle class life in Dublin, Ireland in the early twentieth century. It is a set of 15 short stories published in 1914 where Joyce made to appear the literary portrait of an entire society glimpsing into the lives of different social classes and exploring what it means to be Irish (Joyce VI). Moments of sudden insights arise frequently throughout Dubliners, it have been described and analyzed by critics as a series of fifteen epiphanies coupled with frustrating and enlighten characters with significant and illuminating experiences that are trapped in a city where nothing ever changes. Dubliners stories spotted the paralysis in the Irish society and how helpless in their daily life those individuals are; thanks to Joyce artistic vision which simplified the image of Dublin. (Carter Mc Raf 165) Nothing would explain Joyces purpose in writing Dubliners more than his own words: My intention was to write a chapter of the moral history of my country and I chose Dublin for the scene because the city seemed to me the centre of the paralysis. I have tried to present it to the indifferent public under four of its aspects: childhood, adolescence, maturity and public life. The stories are arranged in this order. I have written it for the most part in a style of scrupulous meanness and with the conviction that he is a very bold man who dares to alter in the presentment, still more to deform, whatever he has seen and heard. (Gillie 94) 1.4.1 Epiphany in Jamess Dubliners An epiphany is: 1_an illuminating realization or discovery, often resulting in a personal feeling of elation, awe, or wonder; its a state of Nirvana, a complete cessation of suffering, and a blissfull state attained through realization of sunyata, simply an enlightened and heightened experience. 2_ a Christian feast celebrated on the 7th of January (Oxford 127) Epiphany in James dictionary is a religious term that refers to the revelation of the infant Jesus to the Magi in the season of time of the Christian church year; he considered it to be a structural device. (Cope-Cope 4) The stories of Dubliners are distinctive to the reader by the sudden insight about the plot and characters who are kept from seeing who they really are. At the first look, the reader might think that the characters, those Dubliners, are taking their journey in a rhythmic way, he might think, hope them to achieve the expectable, but suddenly, a dramatic alternation occurs. Father Flin and Eveline are probably the best examples to this. Father Flin ended up as a spiritually crippled man Unable to cope with his life choices; Eveline was too afraid to escape her miserable life that she missed the opportunity to start over in a new country with the man she loved. James takes us into deep Dublin, showing us versions of citizens who happened to have a bleared vision of their city, families, and of themselves. The last story of the fifteen stories collection The Dead represents both the synthesis and climax of Dubliners. The story took place on January sixth, which is the Christian feast of epiphany, at Kate and Julia Morkans house. This story focuses on Gabriel Conroy from beginning to end throughout his encounter with the party gests who, one by one, ended up revealing his weakness; even his short encounter with the made Lilly turned in to a revealing scene of his lack of sympathy. 1.4.2 The Dead The Dead is one of the finest short stories in English literature. Written by James Joyce, it is known as the most famous and emotionally affecting story of his collection of fifteen stories Dubliners. The story was a late addition long enough to be a novella. The Dead includes much believable dialogue and had a more positive tone and is often referred to as an exception to the generalization made about Dubliners. The Dead also anticipates Joyces move away From the short story and toward the novel, Joyce wrote no other short story after it He had it substantially completed by the 6th of September 1916. This story serves as a final chorus of the book presenting holiday life, the celebrating of Christmas. The Dead is in a way a story of the dead people ghosts who return in envy of the living. (Kelleher 414) The Dead is a fitting conclusion to the stories collected in Dubliners; it could be seen as another capacity within the Joycean oeuvre, James let Symbolism flow freely throughout his short story and utilizes his main characters and objects to impress upon his readers and show them the real crippled condition of the Dublin he saw and the Dublin that negated him. Critical Reception of The Dead The nineteenth-century novel explored the external world, whereas the modern novel has dedicated itself to the inner world of the human consciousness (Fletcher 246) The modern epoch has found in critical reception both a mirror with which it could examine the many vices and perversions that define it and an obscure tapestry of almost fundamentalist punishments that are entirely alien to it. The twentieth century novelist James Joyce is a vivid example of modern writers who managed to not only engage with the world but to reform it as well. The tradition bound culture has a dangerous capacity for stifling rather than nourishing the life instinct. Like most of his contemporary writers, Joyces story in The Dead anticipates the traumatic moment of self-discovery by a series of images that convey the protagonists unacknowledged estrangement from nature (Sullivan P4) Writers make images vivid in any number of ways, James imagination was trained to be a compiler of aspects. The Deads scenes take place at night, when things arent usually so clear (Phillips 198) Ghosts are present in the character of Michael Furey who was in love with Gretta and died in Galway, Gabriel knew that, and all over the sudden perceived the tormenting truth; he has always had a competitor who had been capable of greater love than he could ever be. 2.1 Psychoanalytic Theory in The Dead Psychoanalysis is to be understood in its wider meaning to include all psycho-dynamic theories and therapies, regardless as to whether they emanate from Freud or Jung or elsewhere. Although the Freudian professional organizations regard the term psychoanalysis as one which refers solely to their own theory and practices, and although the Jungians and Adlerians call themselves analytical and individual psychologists respectively in the hope of differentiating themselves from the Freudians, these distinctions have never caught on even among the well-informed laity, which has always been more impressed by the similarities of the schools than by their differences (Rycroft 08) Freudian. Psychoanalytic theory is basically historical; it treats learning as cumulative, so that early experiences influence later experiences. 2.2 The Irish case The general history of a nation may fitly preface the personal memoranda of a solitary captive ( John Mitchel, Jail Journal. Dublin 1918). The Irish Question is a phrase used to describe Irish nationalism and the calls for Irish independence. It encompasses issues such as religion, the Irish-British politics and land ownership (Amato Demi Petrone P3). The 20th century marked the end of the British colonial project in Ireland leaving the country with an outdated agricultural system and a weak industrial economy. The English informal  colonization created a nation that is neither native Irish nor wholly British. (Duke 18) The Irish are descended from the Celtic people who originally inhabited the Island and who are old Catholics, while the English descended minorities were protestant. A sense of belonging and national solidarity arises among the natives and this resulted into a typical of national consciousness about the imperial ascendency the British Empire had on Ireland. In 1536, Henry VIII decided to conquer Ireland and he was proclaimed King of Ireland in 1541. The Irish Catholics rebelled against the British crown and ruled over Ireland (1642-1649) until Oliver Cromwel, the English military and political leader, the man known as the protector of England, re-conquered Ireland in1653 and ruled over it with the Kings blessing. (Amado Demi Petrone P5 6). Therefore, in the course of the century there were several movements reclaiming Britain to return the Irish lands its real possessors and France offered military help. The English Prime Minister Pitt was frightened by the idea of having the Irish lands uses as a structural military base against the English soil and persuaded the Irish Parliament to agree to its own abolition. In the course of centuries Ireland witnessed ups and downs in its relation with the British crown starting from The Union with Britain (1801-1912) to the Home Rule Bill of 1912 which was suspended for the war. In 1920 English Parliament passed the Government of Ireland Act establishing separate domestic legislatures for the north and south and in1949 Ireland finally broke the link with Britain Commonwealth and became an independent republic (Ibid 17). Modern Ireland and from the early 1970 faced many challenges that were mainly related to religion. The Catholics did not feel safe in Ireland; forming The Civil Rights Association they were attacked by Protestants in 1968 and 1969. The IRA (Irish Republican Army) got involved right after the RUC failed to stop the anarchy. The IRA troops split into two wings: The officials whose first duty was to establish peace; and The Provisional who declared war on Britain; that last one responded by taking over Northern Ireland in 1972. IRA replied by bombing Westminster Hall and London; assassinating Lord Mountbatten and MP Airey Neave in 1979 and attempting to blow the Grand Hotel while Mr. Thatcher is a denizen of it. In 1985 the Anglo-Irish Treaty was signed, both sides agreed to collaborate and work together fighting terrorism establishing a new, and hopefully, a lasting peaceful state of coexistence. 1.2.1 Emigration, Exile and contemporary Ireland There is the personal element in exile, an element that muffles and beclouds the works effects, the insistent self-dramatizations as another factor, a major one. (Peter 627) The Irish society like any other society had many great problems that dwelt deeply in everyday life. Unemployment and poverty reached their peak in the late interwar period. The failure of the potato crop in the mid 1840 effected several areas leaving behind according to Sir William Wild; the father of the well-known emigrant Oscar a poor, weak, old, lame, sick, blind, dumb, imbecile and insane population (Fitzpatrick I). The Irish emigration from the Irish lands had everything to do with the potato famine economy and the exploitation of labor in the fields. By the 1900s Northern Ireland was suffering from stagnation, its population was overwhelmed by famine, immigration, hopelessness, paralysis in all forms. Alcohol was another massive problem according to Larry Harrison who stated that North Irish study group contained a significantly higher proportion of heavy drinkers and thats why the Irish man was and still widely known and stereotyped as a heavy consumer of alcoholic drinks.(P 59) The disoriented Anglo-Irishry of after 1922 aimed to reconstruct the consciousness of nineteenth-century Irish people who felt as if all their dreams and life goals are thrown in the deep St George channel. For the majority f the Irish middle class, being abroad was a common thing, they traveled to all parts of Europe but Britain was often their first destination. Emigration as a concept must include the middle-class or petit bourgeois (Foster P 283) who found in places such as London the solid soil and deep settled state they needed to form a literary career. Britain was, and everyone agreed, a Modernist wonderland. 1.2.2 Who is Gabriel Conroy? It has often been pointed that James self-consciousness was found and showed over years of writing various and confusing fictional phenomenon we call the novel today. The Edwardian Irishman promoted the movement of  «Imagism » as a new rhythmic practice which employ the language of common speech and have complete freedom in subject matter. Joyce took his style to a new and highly experimental level by inventing, dreaming and creating new characters so that he would ultimately get modern and unique plots. Gabriel Conroy is one of his most controversial Characters ever; a man that represents a variety well known and present in the Irish society. (Gillie 90) Gabriel Conroy is the main character in Joyces short story The Dead. The man has the portray of an educated intellectual Irish gentleman but when looking beyond and analyzing the events of the night we notice that he is nothing more than a privileged brat with very low self-esteem and tremulous self-respect. The man had a fatuous self-righteousness that was present as a result to the imaginatively records of Joyces literary and dramatic revision of themes and context. ( Shelly Jr 134) 2.2.4 Paralysis in The Dead For it is well known that one of the oldest and most persistent clichà ©s of Joycean criticism has been to associate the Dublin of Joyces oeuvre with the one inhabited by his Dubliners. Garry Leonard voiced reservations as to the implications made by James and asked a very accurate Question: If Dublin is the center of paralysis, what is the periphery? (Leonard P320)

Arc-Surface Intersection Method

Arc-Surface Intersection Method

Christopher Columbus Essay -- Christopher Columbus Essays

On October 12, 1492, two worlds unknown to each other met for the first time on a small island in the Caribbean Sea. While on a voyage for Spain in search of a direct sea route from Europe to Asia, Christopher Columbus accidentally discovered the Americas. However, in four separate voyages to the Caribbean from 1492 to 1504, he remained convinced that he had found the lands that Marco Polo reached in his overland travels to China at the end of the 13th century. To Columbus it was only a matter of time before a passage was found through the Caribbean islands to the cities of Asia. Columbus was not the first European to reach the Americas Vikings from Scandinavia had briefly settled on the North American coast, in what is now Newfoundland, Canada, in the late 10th or early 11th century. Ho...

The Cherry Orchard - The Struggle :: Anton Chekhov Cherry Orchard Essays

The Cherry Orchard - The Struggle Anton Chekhov’s play The Cherry Orchard introduces readers to a pre-Revolution Russian family faced with the impending sale of their estate, the Cherry Orchard. The main character in the play is the owner of the Cherry Orchard, Lyubov Andreyevna. It is in the play that Lyubov must ultimately decide whether to allow her Cherry Orchard to be cut down to make room for villas or to sell the entire estate to pay off her debts. It is her unconditional love for both the Cherry Orchard and what it symbolizes to her that allows her to put the estate up for sale rather than have the Cherry Orchard cut down.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Although she is a member of the Russian upper class, Lyubov is hopelessly out of touch with reality and very irresponsible when in comes to finances. She often throws money around as though there are no consequences to her actions. After her husband died and her boy was tragically drowned at the Cherry Orchard, she fled to Paris and bought a villa, which she soon had to sell to pay off her debts. Lyubov dines lavishly and tips handsomely when in all actuality she hasn’t a dime to spare. She throws parties and hires orchestras she knows she can not pay for. It is this type of behavior that put Lyubov deep enough into debt to where her beloved estate has been put at risk.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   To Lyubov the Cherry Orchard means so much more than the acres and acres of beautiful cherry trees and rivers; so much more than the piece of land that was featured in the encyclopedia. To her it represents her sense of nostalgia, a longing for the past. It is the place where her grandparents lived. Her mother and father lived there as well. It reminds Lyubov of her youth. When she looks at the cherry trees she does not just see branches and blossoms, she sees a time when she walked through the orchard with her mother as a young girl. She says â€Å"I used to sleep here when I was little†¦and here I am like a child again.† Lyubov’s innocence also remains a part of the Cherry Orchard, for as a child she did not own serfs or squander her family’s money. Even though the Cherry Orchard invokes thoughts of her lost husband and son, she still treasures it.